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UConn PSYC 1103 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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PSYCH 1103 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 8Lecture 1 (January 22nd)Introduction to PsychologyWhat is psychology? Is psychology a science? What other aspects are included in the definition? -Scientific study of behavior and mind - Behavior: any overtly observable action at any level of abstraction  Examples: walking, anxiety symptoms, IQ score, speech-Mind: any covert, unobservable phenomenon that relates the organism to the environment  Examples: memory, perception, reasoning, fear What are the subfields of psychology? -Clinical-Developmental-Social-Physiological -Quantitative -Cognitive-Industrial/Organizational-Educational/School-Personality -Animal-Evolutionary-Community-HealthIntroduction to History and methodsWho were the well-known psychologists and what ideas did they contribute to psychology?-Wilhelm Wundt Founded the first scientific laboratory -Experimental psychology  Studied perception and mental processes -Studied conscious experience and how to decompose that experience into basic parts-Structuralism Additive decomposition -Wertheimer and Kohler  Gestaltists  Argued against idea that experience could be decomposed  No pieces, just whole experiences -Sigmund Freud  Psychoanalysis -Unconscious influences on behavior Lecture 2 (January 29th) History and Methods (cont.) -William James Functionalism -Focus on processes rather than structure -John Watson and B.F. Skinner Behaviorism -Behavior-reward What types of research methods are there and what do they include?-Experiments  Causality  Manipulate IV DV = outcome  Control groups  Random assignment -Correlational Studies Establish relationships  Measure at least 2 DV’s-Observational Studies Measure more than one DV Exploratory  No controlsWhat types of experimental issues were there?-External validity Degree to which a phenomenon applies to the real world  Generalizability-Internal ValidityDegree to which you made that logic happen  Causal relation between 2 variables Confounds Lecture 3 (February 3rd)What is the difference between a population and a sample? What does sampling include? What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?-Population = group under study-Sample = individuals who actually participate in your study  Samples comes from that population -Random Sampling  Population is sorted into groups and members are picked randomly -Random assignment  How those people are going to get distributed -Who gets the treatment and who gets the control?What types of research tools are there?-Low tech  Surveys ObservationText analysis -High tech fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy)-Measure brain activity Motion capture Eye capture Introduction to Developmental PsychologyWhat is developmental psychology? What does early development include?-Definition = study of changes in behavior and mental processes over the life course-Early development Prenatal -Zygote (weeks 1&2)-Embryo (weeks 3-8)-Fetus (week 9 to birth) Infancy -Neonatal reflexes-Attachment-Temperament Lecture 4 (February 5th)What are teratogens and what types of teratogens are there?-Teratogens = harmful external substances that invade the womb and result in birth defects-Types Lead  Cigarette smoke Alcohol Pharmaceuticals Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s) Insecticides What are different neonatal reflexes and why do we need them?-Need them for survival-Breathing-Sucking-Rooting-Moro-GraspingWhy do infants become attached? How does secure and insecure attachment differ?-Infants become attached because they look at their mother as a source of food that satisfaction leads to emotional attachment -In stranger situation: Secure attachment = happy to see mom is back and is acting normal with them  Insecure attachment = there’s resentment and blame towards mom for leavingLecture 5 (February 10th) What does temperament indicate/predict? -Predict later aspects of personalities  Intensity of emotional response Amount of stimulation it takes to get an emotional response What ideas did psychologists have about early cognition in infants? -Innate ideas  Jean Jacques Rousseau Infants have some basic, set structure of how the world works -Learned ideas John Locke Ideas are formed through interactions with the world What was Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and what stages were included?-Knowledge acquisition as a growth process that includes interactions with the environment -Stages Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Preoperational (2-7 years) Concrete operations (7-12 years) Formal Operations (12+ years) -Object concept  Permanence  Adaptation -Assimilation = process of taking in environment with the structures they have -Accommodation = process of changing current schemas to fit environment  A-not-B error -Children will continuously look under location A for object even though other person put object under location B right in front of them -Argued error due to incomplete conceptual separation of object and locationLecture 6 (February 12th)What makes up the preoperational, concrete and formal operations periods?-Preoperational period  Represented thought, but nothing sophisticated with those thoughts Children start to represent world mentally -Concrete and formal operations Concrete = physical materials facilitate cognition Formal operations = logical relations dominate What is executive control and how is it measured? -Central controller runs much of cognition -Measured by: Delay of gratification -Marshmallow test  Experiments What is egocentrism? What does the theory of mind include? -Egocentrism = centered on their own person  In view tasks, child will always say the view they are seeing even if another person asks what their view would be -Theory of mind  False-belief tasks = failure to predict what somebody else would say Lecture 7 (February 17th) What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?-Preconventional = obey rules and avoid punishment -Conventional = please others and follow rules to maintain social order-Postconventional = recognize that rules have limits and universal ethical principles What did Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development focus on and what stages were involved?-Theory included extended roles of ego -Stages Trust vs. mistrust (1st year)


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