Geo 101N 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Plate BoundariesII. Pacific NorthwestIII. Measuring Plate MotionOutline of Current Lecture IV. What are minerals?V.Mineral status requirementsVI. Crystalline StructureVII. Formation/Destruction of MineralsVIII. GemsIX. Inside MineralsCurrent LectureIV. What are minerals?a. Minerals are the building blocks of the planet.b. All rocks contain minerals-~3500 recognized minerals on earth-only 20 common mineralsc. Are used to study time/place they grew/formedd. Most metals and commodities start as mineralsV. Mineral requirementsa. Naturally occurring-formed in natureb. Geologic processes-formed by geologic processesc. Solid-can maintain shape indefinitelyd. Crystalline structure-fixed in a specific orderly patterne. Definable Chemical Composition-has a chemical formula (ie, ice = H2O)f. Inorganic- not alive, containing C-H bonds (with few exceptions)VI. Crystalline Structurea. Crystal: a single continuous (uninterrupted) piece of acrystalline solid, typically bounded by flat surfaces(crystal faces)b. Atomic structure of glass vs. mineral →These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Mineral color due to trace amounts of atomic substitution (there are pieces of other atoms stuck in the crystallinestructure)d. Rare minerals display flatexternal facese. Crystal faces form best in opencavitiesf. Crystals are often prizedmineral specimensg. A tiny early crystal acts as a seed; atoms attach to the “seed” and growh. Anhedral-grown in a tight space, no real crystal faces (most prevalent)i. Euhedral-grown in an open cavity, good crystal faces (geodes)VII. Formation/Destruction of Mineralsa. Solidification- from a liquid/melt to a solidb. via precipitation: atoms, molecules or ions dissolved in water bond together & separate out of the waterc. solid state diffusion-the mov’t of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystald. Biomineralization-occurs at the interface between physical and biological components of the Earths system; occurs when living organisms cause minerals to precipitate either within or adjacent to their bodies-ie clams extract ions from water to produce their mineral shellse. Precipitate from gas directly- occurs around volcanic vents or geysers; cause by the released gas hitting the atmosphere and abruptly cooling- crystals you see around the geysers inYellowstoneIV. Gems: a mineral with special value,formed by unusual geologic processes-beautiful, strikingly unique color,clarity and luster-a cut & polished stone created for jewelry-precious: diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald-semiprecious-less rare; topaz, aquamarine, garnetV. Inside Mineralsa. Ordered atoms like tiny balls packed tightlyb. Held in place by chemical bondsc. The way they are packed defines their structured. Physical properties (hardness, shape) depend on:-identity of the atoms-arrangement of those atoms-nature of atomic