DSOC 1101 1st EditionExam # 1 Lectures 1-8Lecture 1 (1/21)What is sociology? Social science involving the study of social lives of people, groups, and societies.The scope of sociology is wide.Lecture 2 (1/26)Sociological Imagination- awareness of relationship between individual and wider society-Individual troubles vs. social issues, coined by C. Wright MillsSociety- a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups*cannot necessarily be defined by a nation-stateLecture 3 (1/28)Three High-Level Sociological Theories:-Functionalism: macro perspective, society is a system of highly interrelated parts-Marxism/Conflict Theory: macro perspective, social behavior best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups-Interactionism: micro perspective, generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole (nonverbal communication and symbols)Early Thinkers:Auguste Comte- coined term “sociology”Karl Marx- conflict theory, based on inequality between classesEmile Durkheim- Father of Functionalism, famous for suicide studyGeorge Herbert Mead- symbolic interactionistMax Weber- sought to show how social values and ideas shape societyLecture 4 (2/2)Material vs. Nonmaterial Culture:Material Culture- physical objects that people have borrowed, discovered, or invented and to which they have attached meaningNonmaterial Culture- intangible human creations that we cannot identify directly through the senses How do we learn culture?Through our parents, friends, mediaNorms- socially defined rules of behaviorTypes of Norms:Folkways- Customs, routine conventions of everyday lifeViolation will not result in punishment or evilMores- Norms that are central to functioning of societyViolation produces shock and horrorLaws- norms that are formalized and backed by legal lawsSanctions- penalties or rewards for conduct concerning social normsPositive Sanctions; e.g. promotion, awardNegative Sanctions; e.g. fine, imprisonmentLecture 5 (2/4)Values- collective conceptions of what is good, desirable and proper, or undesirable and improperCultural Relativism- the belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standardsEthnocentrism- practice of judging all other cultures by one’s own culture, based on assumption that one’s own culture is superior to all othersEducation:Formal Curriculum: explicitly stated goals and objectives of educationHidden Curriculum- unintended outcomes, subtle influences; e.g. rules of conductNull Curriculum- curriculum that does not exist, excluded from curriculumLecture 6 (2/9) Socialization- process by which the social world is internalized by an individual-begins as a child-lifelong experienceWhat does socialization teach us? Language, culture, understanding of ourselves and othersPrimary Socialization: socialization from infancy to early childhoodSecondary Socialization: socialization from early childhood to adulthoodAgent of Socialization: group or social context in which socialization takes place-e.g. family, school, peer groups, mediaGender Socialization: the learning of gender roles through social factors-Girls and boys are socialized differently Lecture 7 (2/11)Types of Social Groups:Primary Group- small group with intimate, face-to-face association and cooperationSecondary Group- impersonal groups with little social intimacy or mutual understandingSocial Groups are different from:Social aggregates- people who happen to be in close physical proximity, but share little elseSocial Categories- people who share one or more characteristics in common but do not interactSocial Roles- set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or statusIdentity- relates to understanding people have of who they are and what is meaningful to themLecture 8 (2/18)Social Interaction- social action of two or more people taking each other into account in their action-includes numerous forms of nonverbal communication such as body language-Our response to someone’s behavior is based on the meaning we attach to his/her actionsStatus: socially defined positions within a large group or society, can hold one or more statuses at the same time-Ascribed Status: assigned to a person by society without regard for person’s unique talents or characteristics, takes place at birth; e.g. age, gender, race-Achieved Status: comes largely through efforts; e.g. lawyer, friend-Master Status: dominates other statuses and thereby determines a person’s general position in societyRole Conflict vs. Role StrainRole Conflict occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social roles held by the same person. Role Strain describes the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.In-Groups Vs. Out-GroupsIn-group: any group to which people feel they belongOut-Group: any group to which people feel they do not belongReference Group: any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own behaviorNon-verbal Communication- exchange of info and meaning via facial expressions, gestures, and movement of the body-Expressed and perceived differently by men and womenImpression Management:Process of portraying yourself to others in a manner that creates a desired impressionPrinciple Motive is to explain or define the situation, self, and the