Biology 203 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (January 26)Diversity Learning Objectives:- Depict the importance of organismal diversity graphically and in words- Visualize diversity estimations in multiple ways- List at least 2-3 questions to ask that might help you identify or differentiate speciesImportance of organismal diversity:- Having more species leads to higher primary productivity (biomass)- We could use this information to farm differently- There is also higher drought resistance with higher species richness- Studies of organisms lead to new technologies, drugs, foods, etc.- Biomimicryo Engineers can use structures and ideas from natureo Benefit from millions of years of evolutionary problem-solving and prototypingSome questions to ask that might help you identify or differentiate species- What is the morphology?- What is its behavior- Where does it live?- What is its DNA sequence?- How is it related to other organisms?- Can it interbreed?- Is it edible or not?Lecture 2 (January 28) Taxonomy Learning Objectives- Apply hierarchical classification units from kingdom to species if given a group of organisms- Correctly punctuate scientific names- List reasons that names are important- Describe key aspects of biological illustrationApply hierarchical classification units from kingdom to species- Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species- Do Kids Play Catch Over Farmer Greg’s Shed?Correctly punctuate scientific names- Binomial nomenclature (developed by Linnaeus)- The first word is the genus and is capitalized; the second is the specific epithet and is in lower case.- Always in italics or underlined if handwritten- Ranks above genus are capitalized but not italicized- Ex: Enallagma signatumList reasons that names are important- There are multiple regional common names – a scientific name can clarify- The same common name can apply to more than one speciesDescribe key aspects of biological illustration- Useful for identification- Idealized organism- Accuracy in drawings and scale are very importantLecture 3 (January 30)Evolution Learning Objectives:- List the conditions necessary for evolution to occur- If given an example of change over time at any scale, recognize that it is evolution- Compare and contrast the definitions of evolutionary significance of beneficial, harmful and neutral mutations- Distinguish evolution from natural selection- If given an example of evolutionary change, distinguish which mechanism of evolution has occurred. List the conditions necessary for evolution to occur- There must be a phenotypic variation in a population- The variation must be heritable- This variation influenced the reproductive success of individualsCompare and contrast the definitions of evolutionary significance of beneficial, harmful and neutral mutations- Harmful Mutations – have a negative effect on the organism’s fitness, and because of this usually are not passed on- Neutral Mutations – have neither a positive nor a negative effect on the organism- Beneficial Mutations – have a positive effect on the organism, and is usually passed on- Important: - Organisms cannot predict or direct the outcome of mutationsIf given an example of evolutionary change, distinguish which mechanism of evolution has occurred- Mutationso The ultimate source of genetic variationo Mutations create new alleles (& new phenotypes) o Without variation, evolution could not occur- Gene Flowo Most commonly called migrationo One population travels to another population and breeds, bringing with them new alleles and variation- Genetic drifo Allele frequency change by sampling error (random), some individuals surviving and reproducing randomlyo If genetic drif is unopposed by some other evolutionary mechanism, it will result in loss of alleleso Alleles that are less common are more likely to be lost to the population- Non-Random Matingo Organisms choose their mates, instead of just breeding by chanceo Ex: Humans take part in non-random mating - Natural Selectiono Organisms that have the “best” alleles will survive, reproduce and pass those genes on to their offspringo Eventually, that beneficial allele will become fixed in the populationo In contrast, organisms that do not have beneficial alleles will not survive to reproduce, and the allele will be lost to the populationExample Questions:1. Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selectionin a population over time?A. All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factorsB. The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate.C. The population size is large.D. The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present.2. Which of the following statements regarding evolution by natural selection is FALSE?A. natural selection acts on individualsB. natural selection is a random processC. very small selective advantages can produce large effects through timeD. natural selection can result in the elimination of certain alleles from a population’sgene poolE. mutations are important as the ultimate source of genetic variability upon which natural selection can act3. Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?A. natural selection causes variation to arise within a populationB. natural selection leads to increase likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation comes from outside the populationC. all individuals within a population have an equal chance of survival and reproduction. Survival is based on choiceD. natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted to surviving and producing more offspring E. natural selection leads to extinction4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between evolution and natural selection?A. they are equivalent terms describing the same processB. natural selection is differential survival of populations or groups, resulting in the evolution of individual organismsC. natural selection is one mechanism that can result in the process of evolutionD. natural selection produces small-scale changes in populations, whereas evolution produces large-scale onesE. natural selection is a random process whereas evolution proceeds toward a specific goal5. Over the course of many generations, a population of snails experiences genetic drif. Is this population evolving? Why or why