PHIL 1273 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (January 12)Introduction to Business Ethics and Discussion of the Toby Groves CaseWhy do individuals help others do wrong? - Self-preservation- To benefit oneself or others- To protect oneself or others- To gain an advantage- The thrill- EmpathyWhat did Toby Groves do that resulted in his consequences? Toby Groves was involved in fraudulent mortgage loans so that he might benefit his failing business. However, he influenced many other people to enable the continuity of his wrongdoings.What differences result from a business frame versus an ethical frame? When people have a goal-oriented mentality in regards to making the best business decisions, they develop cognitive blind spots that cloud ethical judgment unintentionally. The incentives associated with the pleasure of helping others out of empathy encourage this. Such reasoning, which ignores ethics entirely, involves a lacking understanding of the effect of future abstract consequences compared to the physical people seeking help in the present. When ethics form the basis of a mindset, individuals become less likely to behave in an inadvertently wrong manner.Why did other people help Toby Groves commit fraudulent acts? Others helped Toby Groves because of their inherent empathy for another human being, while simultaneously identifying with his circumstances.What was the lesson the NPR reporter conveyed from the Toby Groves case?The NPR reporter believes that “we are all capable of behaving profoundly unethically without realizing it,” which can be prevented by an attentiveness to personal behavior and a mental establishment of right and wrong.Lecture 2 (January 14) Continued Discussion of the Toby Groves CaseWhy are people capable of acting unethically without realizing it? People act unethically because of the structure of surrounding situations, which has a psychological influence. The view an individual views and frames an act affects the way in which his conscience accepts it as right or wrong.What was the Fisman and Galinsky article about?Fisman and Galinsky article discussed how people empathize and identify with the needs of others. This plays an influential role in how humans respond and act upon bad choices. It introduced the concept of moral architecture, or the foundational development of constructing a moral/ethical system to avoid unknowingly committing wrongdoings. These authors wish to see a revival of the emphasis on ethics in business education that encompasses more than one course on the subject.Lecture 3 (January 21)Discussion of Plato’s Chariot Analogy and the Kahneman ReadingDescribe the complexity of the mind’s parts competing with one another. There is a notion of two impulses fighting for mental control. Much like the illustration of an angel on one shoulder and the devil on the other, conflict emerges within the unified mind.What do the characters in Plato’s chariot text symbolize? Plato paints an image of a charioteer driving a chariot lead by two horses. The white horse signifies righteousness and virtue, whereas the dark horse is unruly and stubborn. Each of the horses or elements of the image have differing intentions, thus this portrayal conveys the idea of moral psychology, which attempts to explain moral theory. The white horse is motivated by a good spirit; the black horse is motivated by its appetites and urges that contradict good. The charioteer acts as the guidance system that balances and chooses as the decision-maker. He influences the horses, but does not have complete control. Humans identify their moral selves with the charioteer, viewing themselves as deliberately focused on the task of guiding the team with conscious choices. Bad behavior is thus seen as the inability to control appetites.How does this correlate to the Toby Groves case?Toby Groves allowed the dark horse to overpower his conscience in an unforeseen but detrimental error. This shows how observers much look into the mind of the “charioteer” to recognize the way in which he is unaware of his actions as he commits wrongdoings.What is framing? Framing: the way a problem is presented, especially when emphasizing it as a business issue and not an ethical problem. This concept allows the charioteer, or individual, to overlook the “dark horse’s” bad nature, giving it more control. However, sometimes good qualities, such as those associated with the “white horse” can cause trouble. An example like helping others out of blinding sympathy that neglects to consider resulting errors explains this. The driver may not see the white horse as leading the chariot astray because it does not expect negative effects from the good spirit.Define System 1 and System 2 from the Kahneman reading. The Kahneman reading discusses System 1 and System 2 of the mind as if they are beings, capable of action. System 1 (S1) is automatic, quick, and involuntary to allow a person to operate in the present. System 2 (S2) is slows and requires concentration and attention, acting as an information reserve system. S2 can control S1.How do the system realte to Plato’s chariot analogy? S1 and S2 are not Plato’s two horses; rather, they exhibit the mental state of the charioteer. S1 gives the horses, particularly the dark horse, free rein due to lacking attention. S2 drives in a deliberate way that requires focused thought on inner consciousness.Why do ethical problems continue to emerge within the human mind? Troubles arises because humans default to S1 – S2 is not what one ought to worry about necessarily. S1 is necessary to maintain sanity, yet it can become dangerous when left to itself, skewing one’s perception of reality as it never concentrates fully on a subject if it seems simple.What should people do if they understand these ideas?On a personal level, humans ought to overcome S1 and use S2 instead, while also retraining S1 to learn to counteract bad tendencies. Structurally, people must remember that the environment matters and then attempt to become a moral architect.Lecture 4 (January 26)Transition from Moral Psychology to Moral TheoryWhat is moral architecture and give an example of it? Moral Architecture: not “inside” the mind, such an motivation or making people ethically better by adjusting psychology; rather, outside the mind in the environment.The structure of the external situation influences behavior. These feature alter internal