Geol 404 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. LoggingII. Nuclear LoggingIII. Gamma Ray and NeutronsIV. Neutron LoggingV. Natural RadioactivityVI. Sonic LogsVII. Bedding and FractureVIII. Borehole BreakoutsOutline of Current LectureIX. Earths WaterX. Natural GassesXI. PetroleumXII. Chemical CompoundsXIII. Fluid PhasesXIV. HydrocarbonsCurrent LectureIX. Earths Watera. Was created from mantle during partial melting and formation of the crust.b. Was then accumulated in ocean and atmosphere.c. Subsurface WatersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Free water - Moves freely in pore spacesii. Irreducible – It cannot be removed during the production of gasiii. Contains:1. pH – Amount of hydrogen ion in the water2. Alkalinity – Measure of carbonate, bicarbonate ions in the water.3. Eh – The redox potential measures concentration of electrons in water.4. Salinity Compositioniv. Hydrocarbon reservoirs have high salinity of connate waterv. Common Measurements1. Fresh water: 0 ppm2. Sea water : 35,000 ppm3. Brine: 640,00 ppmX. Natural Gassesa. Inorganic + Inert Gassesi. Helium, Argon, Krypton, Radonb. Inorganic Onlyi. Nitrogenc. Mixedi. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfided. Mainly Organic + Hydrocarbonsi. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butanee. Mainly Organic Onlyi. HydrogenXI. Petroleuma. Mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons that occur naturally beneath the earths surface. It has the appearance of thick, flammable, yellow to black mixture, and is used to produce gasoline, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils. b. Hydrocarbon Gassesi. 2 Groups – Dry Gasses, Wet Gasses1. Dry/Wet is the amount of liquid vapor that gas contains2. Sweet/Sour is the amount of hydrogen sulfide presencec. Condensatesi. Gaseous hydrocarbons in subsurface condensed to liquids by coolingXII. Chemical Compoundsa. Hydrocarbons – Only contain carbon and hydrogenb. Carbon – Forms 4 bondsc. Hydrogen – Forms 1 bondd. Oxygen/Sulfur – Form 2 bondse. Nitrogen – Forms 3 bondsf. N-Alkanes – The simplest series of hydrocarbons, has a linear structureg. Naphthenes – Cyclic compounds with C atoms arranged in ringsh. Saturated Hydrocarbons – Saturated with respect to Hi. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – Contains a C=C double bondXIII. Fluid Phases Crude Oila. Crude oil will be a gas at low pressure and condense to a liquid at high pressuresb. Molecularly light liquids under pressure will vaporize under low pressure.c. Bubble Point – BP at which the first gas bubble appearsd. Dew Point – DP at which first liquid condenses from gase. Condensate – Gas at reservoir conditions, mix of gas and liquid at surfacef. General Notesi. Gas bubbles form in the crude remaining in the reservoir when res pressure declines below bubble pointii. Gas will flow towards the producing wells and some may form a gas capiii. Production of light hydrocarbons increase the density and viscosity of remaining res liquid.XIV. Hydrocarbonsa. Oili. Majority of oil is formed around 60-160 degrees Cii. Heavy oils are created first, 10-20o APIiii. Lighter oils are created with increasing maturityb. Condensatei. Gas accumulation with liquid hydrocarbons dissolved in gas phaseii. Common at temps above 100 degrees C and Pressures above 5,800 psi.iii. Liquid phase condenses with Pressure reductionc. Gas i. Biogenic methane, primary cracking from coal or