LECTURE 13 2-20-15Hermann von HermholtzTimed a stimulated nerve30-40 meters per second (how fast you think)speed of light= 300,000,000 meters per secondElectrical waveWaterSoundTowel-The Axon and Moving IonsNa+ (sodium) ExtracellularK+ (potassium) IntracellularCl- (chloride) ExtracellularA- (protein molecules) IntracellularCations- positively charged ions (+)Anions- negatively charged ions (and proteins) (-)Three factorsDiffusion (molecules are always moving)Concentration Gradient- the different in the number of ions between two regions (concentration)Voltage Gradient- the difference in charge between two regions (charge)Page 117, Figure 4-7Salt (NaCl) Figure 4-8Na+Resting PotentialNegative 70 millivolts *KNOW THISMaintaining the Resting PotentialFigure 4-11; channels (potassium, sodium, and chloride), gates and pumps (sodium-potassium pumps)1. The large Protein molecules (A-) cannot leave the cell2. Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-) move freely through channels3. Sodium (Na+)/Potassium (K+) pumps move 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ inInside the CellA-ions (anions) pull K+ ion into the cellConcentration gradient pushes them backOutside the CellSome Na+ leak into the neuronSodium-potassium pump-Terms:Diffusion: movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through random motionEquilibriumPSYC 260 1st EditionLecture 12Outline of Last LectureI. Genetic Engineering (Cont.)Chapter 4I. Stephen GrayII. Luigi GalvaniIII. Roberts BartholowIV. The NeocortexV. Electrical RecordingsOutline of Current LectureI. Herman von HermholtzII. The Axon and Moving IonsCurrent Lecture LECTURE 13 2-20-15- Hermann von Hermholtzo Timed a stimulated nerveo 30-40 meters per second (how fast you think)o speed of light= 300,000,000 meters per secondo Electrical wave Water Sound Towel -The Axon and Moving Ions- Na+ (sodium) Extracellular- K+ (potassium) Intracellular- Cl- (chloride) Extracellular- A- (protein molecules) Intracellular- Cations- positively charged ions (+)- Anions- negatively charged ions (and proteins) (-)- Three factorso Diffusion (molecules are always moving) Concentration Gradient- the different in the number of ions between two regions (concentration) Voltage Gradient- the difference in charge between two regions (charge) Page 117, Figure 4-7- Salt (NaCl) Figure 4-8o Na+ - Resting Potential o Negative 70 millivolts *KNOW THIS- Maintaining the Resting Potentialo Figure 4-11; channels (potassium, sodium, and chloride), gates and pumps (sodium-potassium pumps)o 1. The large Protein molecules (A-) cannot leave the cello 2. Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-) move freely through channelso 3. Sodium (Na+)/Potassium (K+) pumps move 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in- Inside the Cello A-ions (anions) pull K+ ion into the cello Concentration gradient pushes them back- Outside the Cello Some Na+ leak into the neuron Sodium-potassium pump -Terms:- Diffusion: movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through random motion-