IE 270 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Social change and population changeII. UN population ProspectsIII. Key termsIV. Primary theories of population theory V. Malthusian theory VI. Ester BoserupVII. Theory of demographic transitionVIII.DTMIX. Changes in FertilityX. Population PyramidsXI. 4 stages to DMT Outline of Current Lecture II. Migration and UrbanizationIII. Towns and cities become possibleIV. Rapid growth of urban areas world wideV. An urban futureVI. The motivation to migrateVII. Where immigrants settleVIII. Remittance of developing countriesIX. Brain DrainX. Implications of urbanizationXI. Rural poverty dilemmaXII. Implications of urbanization for food and agricultureXIII. Implications of international migration for agriculture and foodCurrent LectureMigration and UrbanizationMigration—movement of people over a distance that causes them to change their place of residence and place of livelihood Urbanization—migration of people from rural to urban areasThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.*humans have migrated since ancient times when they used to migrate with their preyTowns and cities become possible- When some humans become able to produce more food than they consume themselves- Others aare then able to concentrate on other trades- Opportunities for the other trades expand as the size of the human community and thus the size of the markets expandsRapid growth of urban areas world wide- Began about 1800, at which point about 10 percent of humans lived in urban areas.- Today just over 50 percent of humans live in urban areas.An urban future- In developed countries, including the US, 74% of inhabitants live in urban areas. – In Colorado 87% of the population live in one of its Metropolitan Statistical Areas, mostly along the Front Range. - World rural population is expected to start decreasing in total numbers by the end of this decade! – And by 2050 will be be 600 million less than it is today. - Urban areas will absorb all future population growth and will draw in some of the rural populationThe motivation to migrate- Perception of greater opportunity to fulfill ones goals in a new residence and livelihood- More people live outside their country of birth today than at any time in history: about 200 million.- Numbers of people who move across international borders are expected to continue to rise in the future.Where immigrants settle• Near their point of entry: – border, port, airport • Where other immigrants, especially family members have already settled: – creating immigrant communities • Where there are jobs: – and demand for their skills is highestRemittance of developing countriesRemittances = money sent home by workers that have emigrated to wealthier countries• Amount to about $300 billion per year – Greater than private capital flows (companies) – Greater thanofficial development aid (governments) – Amounts to about 2% of GDP for developing countries • Economic advantages – Resilient – Large source of foreign exchangeBrain DrainDefinition: when the educated and wealthy of a given country emigrate in significant numbers, leaving the country without sufficient human capital for effective development. • For some small developing countries—like Jamaica or the Philippines—75% of those with university degrees live abroad in places like the U.S. or Singapore.Implications of urbanizationPuts pressure on cities – Overcrowding (safety, health, social problems) – Sprawl (can pull prime land outof agriculture) – Environmental problems (water, sewage, garbage) • These pressures are immediately visible to political leaders of developing countries.Rural Poverty DilemmaUrban poor get more political attention, even though they are a smaller population than rural poor: – Rural poor = about 800 million farmers – Urban poor = about 300 million slum dwellers • Policies to reduce price of food and help urban poor end up hurting rural poor, and further drive urbanization. • But visa-versa, policies that seek to raise incomes of poor rural farmers, by raising food prices, can endup hurting the urban poor, causing urban riots and political unrest in capital cities.Implications of urbanization for food and agriculture• As incomes increases, living in urban area, nature of diet changes: – More calories – More meat and processed foods • Living in urban area means a more sedentary lifestyle than working in fields: – Weight/obesity becomes a more common problem – Health issues like diabetes & cardiac health become more commonImplications of international migration for agriculture and foodA movement of agricultural labor: – from a market where it is in surplus (like Mexico) – to a market where it is in deficit (like the U.S.) – thus helps improve agriculture productivity globally • A movement of financial capital: – Remittances to home farms helps them to accumulate physical capital and become more productive• A movement of technology and know how: – Return home of those who have worked abroad can bring new technologies and agricultural practices• Creates global agribusiness linkages – Suppliers in source countries can sell to relatives in host countries • Drives changes in diets – Immigrants bring new cuisines that change the diets of host nations: • Think pizza, breakfast burritos, sushi, bagels, Ramen noodles, and take-out