ANTH 024 1st EditionLecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Early Modern Humansa. New technologies and adaptationsb. Migration & Expansion Outline of Current Lecture II. Early Modern HumansA. Theories for expansion and evolution III. Upper Paleolithic PeriodCurrent LectureI. Early Modern Humans a. Earliest secure evidence of art b. Great economic activities (fishing)c. Bone toolsd. Migration i. Through the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean) ii. Still using the Levallois methodiii. Few bone tools iv. Few burial goodsv. Very Neanderthal-like vi. Evolved physically before mentally e. Evolution & Migration theories i. “Out of Africa” 1. Early modern humans and Neanderthals evolved separately out ofhomo erectus2. Homo erectus migrates out of Africa to colder climates 3. Neanderthals evolve to deal with cold4. Homo erectus evolves into homo sapiens in Africa 5. Homo sapiens migrate to Europe and out-compete Neanderthals6. No interbreeding ii. Multi-Regional Hypothesis1. Continual gene flow between homo erectus in Europe, Asia, and AfricaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. People visit each other so they aren’t completely separated by region2. Homo erectus evolves into Neanderthals in Europe 3. Homo sapiens evolve out of Neanderthals in Europe and out of homo erectus in Asia iii. Hybridization 1. Separate evolution between Neanderthals and homo sapiens2. Remain genetically compatible 3. Homo sapiens come to Europe and breed with Neanderthals 4. Neanderthals were not a separate species but a subspecies iv. Archeological Record1. Leans toward “Out of Africa” hypothesis a. Late Neanderthals don’t look more human, but you would expect them to if they’d been breeding togetherb. No strong evidence for “hybrid skeletons”c. “transitional industries” – halfway between Neanderthal and homo sapiens tools i. 40-55 kyaii. Mostly found below human tools v. Genetics 1. Mezmaiskaya Cave, Russia a. Mitochondrial DNA 2. Compare genomes of Neanderthals to homo sapiens 3. 1-4% human DNA is shared with Neanderthals 4. Probably split off from each other 690-350 kya5. Admixture of the two happened before 40 kyaa. Hybridization might be wrong because it predicts that inbreeding happened after that time II. Upper Paleolithic Revolution a. When: 45 kyab. Tools: Evolved quickly i. Styles cycled ii. Range of new tools c. People travelled longer distances to get good stone i. Flint from Poland found in Western Europe d. Burials with rich ornamentation i. Sungir, Russia – 24 kya1. Child found buried with beads, daggers, tusks, wealth 2. Evidence of social inequality and social status e. Cave arti. 340 caves, mostly in France and Spain ii. Chauvet, France – 30 kyaiii. Altamira, Spain and Lascaux, France – 10 kyaiv. Changes in style occur over timev. Different animals used 1. Probably reflects changes in climate and beliefs f. Portable Art i. Aurignacian Period – 40-26 kya1. Lion-headed man at Hohlenstein2. HohleFels – Female figure with large breasts and genitals a. 35-40 kyab. Fertility statue?ii. Gravettian Period – 26-23 kya1. Venus figurines 2. Bone flutes 3. Atlatls a. Projectile throwerb. Adds torquec. Allowed them to kill bigger & tougher animals iii. Magdalenian Period 1. 20-11 kya2. Bone harpoons a. Catch new fish 3. More art a. Lunar calendar? (Probably not) La Marche Antler4. Microlithsa. Really small sharp tools b. Haft them onto the side of spears c. Can make a greater range of tools iv. Burial 1. Individuals buried with grave goods 2. DolniVestonice, Czech Republica. Elaborate burial with 2 men and a woman b. Shaman? Spouse?3. AreneCandide, Italy a. Thousands of shell beads buried with a boyv. Was it really a revolution? 1. Yes: Klein a. Invisible neurological change around 50 kyab. Too great and too rapid a change in behavior and technology to have been the result of gradual evolution c. Rapid language development i. Language let us develop culturally quickly 2. No: McBrearty and Brooks a. Distinction between Lower and Upper Paleolithic eras is just a product of archeological preservationb. Art, adornment, burial practices, and tools are all present in Africa i. We just haven’t dug there as much1. Political instability, less research money, no limestone caves vi. Change Accelerates 1. Climates changes linked to cultural and technological changes 2. Rapidly responding to environment 3. Homo sapiens were able to think ahead and adapt a. Neanderthals couldn’t, and died out vii. Progress not universal 1. Less robust than Neanderthals, with better tools and smaller prey2. During Upper Paleolithic, people get shorter and more robust a. Climactic degradation around 20 kya causes change in population density and resource overexploitation i.