PSYC 1103 1st EditionLecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning a. Heinz’s dilemmab. Preconventionalc. Conventionald. PostconventionalII. Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentIII. Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubtc. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority e. Identity vs. role confusion f. Intimacy vs. isolation g. Generativity vs. stagnation h. Integrity vs. despair Outline of Current Lecture I. Development of Gender Roles a. Girls b. BoysII. Nature-nurture issuesIII. Toys and monkeysa. Alexander & HinesIV. Early gender-role socialization a. Girls b. Boysc. Studyd. Parents expectations e. Peer influencesf. Self influencesV. Gender roles: big issuesVI. Adolescence a. Onset of pubertyb. Sex hormonesc. Social roles changed. Pressure to look towards the futuree. Potential problemsVII. Aging: physical changesa. Middle adulthoodb. Late adulthoodCurrent LectureI. Development of Gender Roles a. Gender roles: patterns of work, appearance, and behavior that a society associates with being male or femaleb. Gender roles appear in all cultures, but to different degreesi. Gender role differences correlated with differences in status c. Early differences lead to different developmental trajectoriesd. Some early gender differencesi. Girls1. Earlier speech2. Earlier writing3. Earlier grammar and spelling4. Long gaze duration adult females (~4 months)5. Read emotional signs better6. Higher in empathy7. More “relational” aggressiona. Putting someone in the outside of a social circle instead of physically hurting them ii. Boys1. Manipulating objects2. Constructing 3D forms3. Aggressive, competitive play4. Riskier behavior5. More likely to suffer physical injury (2-4x)6. Dominance in social relations II. Nature-nurture issuesa. Gender roles dominated by nature-nurture conception b. Clear effects of biology and social relationsc. Hormones, brain organization, anatomy matterd. Socialization matters III. Toys and monkeysa. Boys and girls appear to be attracted to different toys i. Stereotypical toys1. Girls with Barbie’s2. Boys with trucks ii. Most explanations center on experience and social forcesb. Alexander & Hines (2002)i. Would Vervet monkeys show a similar preference?ii. 88 (equal number of each gender)iii. Observed play with 6 toys iv. More males ended up playing with “masculine” toysv. More females ended up playing with “feminine” toysIV. Early gender-role socialization a. Girlsi. Gentler play (parents)ii. Early toys are gender-typical: dolls, clothes iii. Parents encourage reflective, dependent, domestic behavior iv. Speak with more feeling, more supportive (parents)b. Boysi. Physical, rougher play (parents)ii. Early toys are gender-typical: balls, trucksiii. Parents encourage achievement, competition, exploration iv. Slower concern for injury or conflict (parents) 1. “Shake it off, you’ll be alright”c. Studyi. Girls/boys will be dressed in both pink and blueii. When parents find out it’s a girl:1. Hold them more delicately and closer to them2. Comment a lot about physical appearance3. Don’t mention occupation as much and when do say “miss America”iii. When parents find out it’s a boy:1. Have more space between them and the child2. Talk about occupations alreadya. “You like stones, you’re going to be an engineer”d. Parents expect boys to be interested in science more than girls i. Despite their equivalent interest and grades in science ii. Explanations (from parents) in science tend to be more scientific for boys than girls e. Peer influencesi. Children police the gender-typical behavior of each other f. Self influencesi. Gender becomes part of their own identity ii. Work to enhance and maintain their gender attributesV. Gender roles: big issuesa. Gender differencei. Usually shown by an obvious mean (average) on graphVI. Adolescence a. Onset of pubertyi. Puberty: transition to ability to reproduce ii. Major changes in a physical person 1. Growth spurt a. Females – 12 years of ageb. Males – 14 years of agec. Rate of growth then drops, near zero after 18 or so 2. Secondary sex characteristicsa. Females: develop breastsb. Males: get facial hairiii. Transition to formal operations (Piaget) iv. Changes in brain organization 1. Pruning of unused synaptic connections 2. Strengthening of used synaptic connections b. Sex hormonesi. Change bodyii. But also change how one feelsiii. Tumultuous emotional experiences 1. Sexual attraction 2. Role confusion c. Social roles change i. First time in a relationship ii. Sexual relations 1. By 16, ~50% of adolescents have had intercourse d. Pressure to look towards the future e. Potential problemsi. Insomniaii. Depression iii. Self esteem iv. Risk seekingv. Eating disordersvi. Conflict with parents VII. Aging: physical changesa. Middle adulthoodi. Slow deterioration of vision ii. Bone mass decrease begins iii. Risk of heart disease increasesiv. Fertility declines b. Late adulthoodi. Loss of height (men – 1 inch, women – 2 inches) ii. Digestive system slowsiii. Brain volume shrinks iv. Reflexes weaken v. Bone mass losses1. Menopause in females  you lose a lot more bone massa. Greater risk of broken