BIOL 101 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture PhotosynthesisOverall ReactionImportanceChloroplast StructureDouble MembraneThylakoid MembranesChlorophyllGranaStromaDNA, RibosomesRadiant Energy and Visible LightElectromagnetic SpectrumPigmentsChlorophyllAccessory PigmentsFunction of Chloroplasts in PhotosynthesisLight-Dependent ReactionsSolar Energy CaptureAntenna ComplexReaction CenterElectron TransferElectron Transfer SystemPhotosystem I and II ATP and NADPH ProductionATP FormationChemiosmosis/PhotophosphorylationOutline of Current Lecture Light Independent Reactions (Carbohydrate Synthesis)Calvin CycleCO2 FixationReduction of CO2Use of NADPH and ATP from Light Dependent ReactionsProduction of GlucoseOther Photosynthetic PathwaysPhotorespirationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C4 PlantsKranz AnatomySpatial SeparationCAM PlantsTemporal SeparationCurrent LectureThe Calvin cycle is a set of enzymatic reactions. Look at how the cell joins H to CO2 to make sugar. CO2 is non polar so it can get into the chloroplast. Rubisco is an enzyme that takes 6 RuBPand 6 CO2 and makes them into an acid called 12PGA. Pathway starts with 30 carbons of RuBP and 6 carbons in CO2. Breaks down into 12 -3 carbon molecules. Now the plant has 12 new molecules into the organic world called carbon fixation. Each PGA gets a phosphate from ATP, then the phosphate is removed and a H is added via NADPH to make 12 GP3 (36 carbons). Puts out 2 GP3 (2carbons) and 10 GP3 stay in the cycle (30 carbons). You need 30 carbons for the calvin cycle to keep working. For every 6 C you make 12 PGA. PGA is an acid and GP3 is a sugar. Rubisco is a carboxylase and an oxygenase. This is a problem for plants on a sunny day but not C4 plants. Often on a hot sunny day the plant will wilt because they close the pours where CO2 comes in causing a build up of O. Rubisco has a binding site for both O and C. So on a sunny day O depletes the Calvin cycle by blocking the binding site for Rubisco through photorespiration. C4plants do carbon fixation internally and the carbon cycle only happens near the veins of the plant. On a hot sunny day CO2 will come in and an enzyme called PEP carboxylase with convert it to oxaloacetate then into Malate (organic acid) and sneaks CO2 into the bundle sheath cell and to the Calvin cycle. So CO2 is bound to the acids and O cannot get in. Normal plants do the Calvin cycle just fine= C3Corn, sugar cane: need to smuggle in CO2 with PEP= C4 plantsPineapple, cactus: CO2 comes in at night and the Calvin cycle works in the day time=CAMEnd product is always sugar regardless of the type of plant. The O we breathe is from