BIOL 1114 1st Edition Lecture 11Notes Outlined from Lecture (found on bio webpage)Marooned in the GalapagosI. Scenario: Trip to the Galapagos to Learn about Evolution and Adaptation via Natural SelectionII. Life on a Desert Island A. The Galapagos IslandsB. ClimateC. Island VariationD. In-Class Survival Exercise (part 1)III. What are Penguins Doing at the Equator? - The Galapagos PenguinA. Where do the Galapagos organisms come from?B. How do organisms get to the Galapagos?IV. Shipwrecked – How to Survive on a Desert Island A. Land Iguanas B. Marine IguanasC. Speciation by divergence of land and marine iguanasD. In-Class Survival Exercise (part 2)V. Relationships among Species – Coevolution of Giant Tortoises and Cacti A. The Giant Tortoise – TestudoB. Prickly Pear Cactus – OpuntiaC. Coevolution of predator and preyVI. It's a Cinch to Be a FinchA. Adaptive Radiation in a New Environment - Beak Structure and Function B. Natural Selection in Action – Variation in Beak Size and Shape – Does It Matter? These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.LECTURE NOTES KEY TERMS- Niche:a ‘species’ “way of life”, including habitat, resource use, interactions with other species- Adaptation :“any characteristic (physical, biochemical, behavioral) that helps anorganism survive in order for it to reproduce, and likely transfer the adaptive trait and/or character to the next generation.”- Fitness:relative capability of an organism to survive and transmits its hereditary material to the next generation compared with other individuals of the same species…” from Stansfield, W. The American Biology Teacher75:96-100 (2013).- Speciation:process of forming new species over time; one possible consequence of evolutionary change- Coevolution:occurs when 2 or more species (often predator  prey or herbivore  plant) mutually influence each other’sevolution through natural selection-- *Founder Effect:“genetic [change] that occurs when a small, nonrepresentative group of individuals [founder population]leavestheir ancestralpopulation [parent population] and begins a new settlement”- Adaptive radiation:“divergence of multiple new speciesfrom a single ancestral type[species].in a relativelyshort time”.What is natural selection? -“Competition for food and other limited resources of the environment tends to increase the numbers of fitter individuals and decrease the numbers of the less fit organisms. This process is called natural selection.”from Stansfield, W. The American Biology Teacher 75:96-100 (2013).- “Natural selection states that there is natural variation within members of a species; species produce more offspring than can survive; and some characteristics are favored over other because of environmental conditions. Those individuals favored by the environment because of the characteristics they possess will survive, reproduce, and pass favored traits—and others—on to the next generation.”* Natural selection always occurs at the level of the individualor population rather than at the species level.* --from McComas, W.F. (ed.) Investigating Evolutinary Biology in the Laboratory, Kendall/Hunt Publishing, 2006o What is evolution?- “A of change in inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations.” ---Prof. W.F. McComas (University of Arkansas)- “A process of change through time in the genetically determined characteristics (heritable traits) of organisms at the level of populations resultingin speciation and emergence of new types of organisms.”o Darwin used the term “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection”o MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION:mutationslead tovariations that are acted upon by natural Selection[of individuals]giving rise (over time) to new species.Adaptive Radiation:Darwin’s exampleVoyage of the H.M.S Beagle(1831-1836)- Square indicates Galapagos Islands, west of