Hstr 102ih 1st Edition Lecture 6Current LectureHundred Years War- War series between England and France (1337-1453), occurred around the same time as the Black Death.- Fought in France over territories.- France was more populous and wealthier.- English were militarily superior, and hand Calais by the end of the war.-Ecclesiastical Breakdown- 13th century Roman Catholic church at height of power- Claiming authority over secular leaders - 1305 – King Philip chose the next pope…- Pope Clement V was French and in Rome, he set up a Papacy in Arignon: Philips Territory - 1370 – pope Gregory XI reestablished papacy in Rome- Great Schism was between 1370-1418-Renaissance- Great Schism, 100 years war and Black Death led people to focus less on the hereafter, more on earthly experience.- Gain wealth, knowledge and valuing life after all became important.- Italian city-states served as paradigm of Renaissance politics and culture.- Italian city-states were merchant-dominated politically.-5 city-states in Renaissance period - Florence saw the greatest competition and conflict between merchants, with the wealthiest merchant being a man named Cosimo de Medici- Niccolo Machiavelli wrote and published “The Prince” where he laid out a plan for Italian governing:- Despotic Rule, advantages of Fraud and Brutality.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- After 1450 – a drive towards more unified states, ruled by monarchs rather than small kingdoms.- Politics: A move from local laws to national laws.- Spain is powerful after Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragonin 1469.- They united Spain and Portugal- Secured borders- Subdude the realm- Christianized Spain (conquered moors between 1482-1492)- 1502 – drove all non-Christians out- 1504 – seized Naples- 1512 – Conquered Navarre-Humanism is the shift to earthliness- Looked in Greek and Latin texts for individualism, civic responsibility.- Grounded in Grammar, Poetry, Rhetoric, History, Philosophy.- Celebrate human dignity and encourage good behavior.- Father of humanism was Petrarch, a fan of love sonnets- Dante Alighieri’s work is also influential.- Humanists put learning to practice, and they explored the human condition - trying to reconcile and lent philosophers.- Most were Italian, though Erasmus was from Northern Europe.- Humanism focused on human potential to change society.- A challenge to world philosophy as it was.- Thomas Moore’s “Utopia” depicted a different society.- Wealthy merchants led to a patronage of artists, art documented the elite.- Printing was invented during the Renaissance.- Johan Gutenberg (Germany) invented the printing press in the 1460’s, and within 50 years there were 200 presses in Europe.- Religious reformers used the printing press to challenge the church.- The church prints lists of books to be burned.- A distribution of ideas led to burnings at the stake.-Medicine- Renaissance looked at bodies as Humours, and sickness was an imbalance of fluids.- There were 4 fluids:- Phlegm- Bile- Blood- Water- People were ‘healed with leeches and bleeding.- There was a growing interest in anatomy, but cutting up the dead was controversial.- The Catholic Church needed a body to be whole.- Though criminals were mutilated.- Andreas Vesalius was very influential in the field of anatomy.Questions?1. What differences existed between middle-age and renaissance life?2. Is there a connection between the changes in Renaissance society, the BlackDeath, 100 years war and the Great