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UW-Milwaukee CES 210 - Adaptation

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Ces 210 1st Edition Lecture 6Current Lecture(Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions)AdaptationAdaptation: the acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment- Is explained by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selectionEvolutionEvolution: individuals with traits that make them suited to a particular environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate in that environment than individuals with less suitable traits. - A trait must be inherited (genetic) for it to evolveNatural SelectionNatural selection: the process of better-selected individuals passing their traits to the next generation Mutations: changes in DNA coding sequence that occur by chance (random mistakes in DNA replication, exposure to radiation, toxins…)Limitations on Where an Organism Can LiveEnvironmental factors that determine where an organism can live include:- Physiological stress due to inappropriate levels of moisture, temperature, pH, light, nutrients- Competition with other species- Predation, parasitism, disease- Luck- individuals move to a new and suitable location by chance (e.g., organism moved to a different beach after a storm)Critical LimitsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Critical Factor: a single factor in shortest supply relative to demand in a species distribution. (Factors closest to the limits  is the critical factor that determines where an organism can live)Tolerance Limits: environmental factors have both minimum and maximum levels (tolerance limits) beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce. Indicators: the interaction of several factors, rather than a single limiting factor can determine biogeographically distribution. (ex: trout require cool, clean, well oxygenated water so their disappearance from a stream may indicate that it is being polluted) - Tolerance limits may affect the distribution of young differently than adultsHabitat and Ecological NichesHabitat: the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism livesEcological niche: describes either the role played by a species in a biological community or the total set of environmental factors that determine a species distribution- Generalist: has a broad niche (brown rat)- Specialist: has a narrow niche (giant panda)Ecological Organization- Organism- Population- Community- Ecosystem- Landscape- BiosphereCompetitive ExclusionPrinciple of Competitive Exclusion: states that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the same time. The one that is more efficient at using resources will exclude the other.Resource partitioning: species co-exist in a habitat by utilizing different parts of a single resource. Ex: swallows eat insects during the day and bats eat insects at nightAllopatric SpeciationSpeciation: development of a new speciesGeographic isolation: a sub-population becomes separated from the main population and can no longer share genes with it.Allopatric Speciation: new population evolves independently of the first, creating a new speciesSympatric SpeciationSympatric Speciation: organisms continue to live in the same place but become isolated by some other means- Ex: some fern species have doubled the number of chromosomes they have. This prevents then from breeding with the population from which they originally came and effectively creates a newspeciesTypes of SelectionDirectional selection: the shift toward one extreme of a traitStabilizing selection: range of a trait is narrowedDisruptive selection: traits diverge toward the two extremesTaxonomyTaxonomy: is the study of organisms and their relationships. It traces how organisms have descended from common ancestorsBinomial: when scientists assign every species a Latin name with two parts (binomial) so that everyone can recognize a particular organism accurately- Organisms are then categorized into broader taxonomic categories such as kingdoms, phyla, families, genera, etc.The Six KingdomsBacteria: EubacteriaArchaea: ArcheabacteriaEukarya: Protists, Plants, Fungi, AnimalsSpecies InteractionsCompetition- Intraspecific competition: competition among members of the same species which can be reduced if: young disperse, exhibiting strong territoriality, resource partitioning between generations- Interspecific competition: competition between members of different speciesPredation: consumption of one species by anotherCoevolution: “arms race”Competition: two or more organisms attempting to use the same resource; Ex: wolf vs deerPredationPredator: is any organism that feeds directly on another organism, whether or not this kills the prey. Ex: a parasite feeds on an organism but does not kill itPredator-mediated competition: one species may be the best competitor in a given location, but predators may reduce its abundance and allow the weaker competitor to increase its numbers. Adaptations to Avoid PredationCoevolution: over time predator and prey evolve in response to one anotherBatesian Mimicry: harmless species mimic the warning coloration of harmful species to gain protectionMullerian mimicry: two harmful species evolve to look alikeAvoiding Predators- Mechanical defenses- Social groups- Camouflage- Protective chemicalsSymbiosisSymbiosis: two or more species live intimately together with their fates linkedMutualism: both organisms benefit from their association (fungus and alga combine to make a lichen)Commensalism: one species benefit while the other neither benefits nor is harmed (a bromeliad growing o the trunk of a tree absorbs water an nutrients without doing any harm to the tree)Parasitism: a form of predation is also sometimes considered a symbiosis because of the dependency of the parasite on its hostKeystone SpeciesKeystone Species: plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to abundanceEx: fig trees bear fruit all year even in the dry season and many species depend on the fig trees in the dryseason to eat from and plants also depend of the fruit eating species to be pollinated so the fig tree is the keystone species in this communityCommunity PropertiesPrimary Productivity: rate of biomass production used as an indication of the rate of solar energy conversion to chemical energy- Net Primary Productivity: energy left after respiration- Tropical forests, coral reefs, and estuaries have


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