Psyc 362Class Notes for Exam 1--Chapter 3 continued2/12/15Forebrain: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system2. Diencephlon-thalamus and hypocampus● Hypothalamus important in ANS● related to the optic chiasm (visual nerves) and pituitary gland (controls many endocrine glands--gonads, thyroid, adrenal, etc.).○ Anterior Pituitary: is controlled by the neerves of various neruons in the hypothalamus and pituitary■ controls vassopressin() and oxcytocin(love/contractions inuterus duringlabor○ Posterior pituitary gland: endoctrine gland that is just neral tissues/axons and secretes the hormones again into the blood stream. the cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus. (figure 3.17)Neurosecretory cells are neurons that secrete hormonesMidbrain/Mesencephalon: consists of tectum and tegmentum1. Tectum: dorsal portion of midbrain consisting of a superior and inferior colliculi (both intrusions in the midbrain) which is involved in visual and auditory systems. a. Collculus (singular of colliculi)-superior influences eye movements, inferior influences auditory perception. 2. tegmentum: located under tectum and consists of the followinga. Rostal end of the reticular formation (which is important in arousal)b. perriaqueductal gray- many neurons around the cerebral aqueductc. red nucleus-important in motor activityd. substantia nigra-contains cell bodies that produce dopamine and contain melanonine. ventral tegmental area (vta)- which is VERY important in the reward systemHindbrain- Metencephalon and myelencephalon1. metencephalon includes cerebellum and pons● Pons- contain reticular formation, and is involved in the control of sleep and arousal● Cerebellum-involved in motor control. each cerebellar hemisphere is attached tothe dorsal surface of the pons by 3 cerebellar peduncles (fiber tracks)○ recieves visual, auditory, vestibular, somatosensory infor and info of individual muscle movements being directed by the brain. it integrates thisinfo and modifies the motor out flow oto exert and coordinate/smooth effect on the movement.○ cerebral cortex covers this. ○ deep cerebellar nuclei project to different parts of the brain for appropriatecontrol of movement/coordination.○ peduncle-communicate cerebellum to rest of brain○ ponslbrite- contains a number of fibers that go from this region to the contralateral side to convey information to the cerebellum2. myelencephalon-medulla oblongata● most caudal portion of brain and rostal to the spinal cord. contains part of the reticular formation● nuclei here control vital functions such as regulation of cardiovascular system, breathing,and skeletal muscle tone.Spinal Cord--protected by ventral column (thick bone structure) and passes through the spinal foramen (opening) in each vertebrae. Has nerves emerging throughout ● distributes motor fibers to help in movement and allow entrance of sensory information from various regions of the brain. contains motor neurons to send infor from the brain to muscles, but also neurons that recieve info and send to the brain.○ afferent axons (to the CNS conveying senosry info) and Efferent axons (from CNS to muscles and glands)● generates reflexive control● neurons are in the core part (gray matter)__________________________________________________________________________PNS1. somatic division, composed of nerves that control muscle actions and carry sensory info back to the CNS● Cranial nerves (involved in motor and/or sensory functions) and spinal nerves2. autonomic division: governs smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland secretion. has subdivisions:● parasympathetic division which supports activities that increase energy● sympathetic division which is involved in arousal and the expenditure of energy. Nerve- collection of axons outside the CNStract-collection of axons inside the CNSnucleus-collection of cell bodies inside CNSganglia-collection of cell bodies outside CNS (exception is the basal