Hist 2010 1st Edition Lecture 9Current LectureThe Mid-Atlantic Colonies & the Columbian ExchangeNew York (1624)In 1624, the Dutch became involved with the colonization of America and established the colony of New Netherlands. Their primary motivation was locating the Northwest Passage and had no intention of establishing permanent colonies in the New World. Henry Hudson, an Englander sailing for the Dutch, approached the Hudson River in 1624, which he thought could be the Northwest Passage. The river narrowed considerably near present-day Albany, so it was not the long-sought after passage. The expedition could have been considered a loss, except that the Indians were anxious to trade. The Dutch constructed a fort on the tip of Manhatten Island, which they named New Amsterdam (present-day NYC). A lucrative fur trading business between the Dutch and Indians began. This began the Dutch settlement named New Netherland.And only about 9,000 people inhabited New Netherlands and many of those were not Dutch but French, Belgians, Portuguese, and even Africans, who were brought in a s slaves. Because of their diversity, many different religions existed in New Netherlands. There were Catholics, Lutherans, and even a few Jews. The Dutch back home in Europe had little incentive to relocate to New Netherland. The Dutch economy was good and they already had freedom of worship. In short, there were few “push” factors at work. So, those who came were traders or those from other countries. New York was a very diverse settlement.The Dutch and English were rivals. In fact, they had fought a series of wars in the 1600s. The English wanted to seize New Netherland. The reasons: there was a lucrative fur-trading business to take over; the Dutch colony split the English colonies into two parts; and the Dutch were trading with the other British colonists, thus depriving the English government of tax revenues.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Ignoring the Dutch claims to the land comprising New Netherlands, the English king awarded the land to his brother, the Duke of York. In 1664, an English navy arrived in NY harbor and the Dutch surrendered without firing a shot. The English changed the name to New York and New Amsterdam to New York City. In order to attract settlers, the Duke allowed for an elected assembly and for religious toleration.New Jersey (1665)New Jersey began as a proprietary colony given to two groups of investors. In 1665, the Duke of York awarded the land that became New Jersey to two groups of investors, who divided the land into two halves, East and West Jersey. This land awarded had been part of New York. The Duke gave the land to build up support and loyalty for when he became King. Because a plantation economy would not work that far north and because there was no good, natural harbor, New Jersey became a land of small farms. The proprietors wanted to entice settlers, so they offered free land, an elected assembly, and religious freedom. Thousands of folks from other colonies and other nations poured into New Jersey, making it a very diverse settlement. Many Puritans moved into the area. The proprietors never made any money, theEnglish government took over the colony in 1702 and united it into 1 colony. New Jersey became a hodgepodge of religious and ethnic groups.Pennsylvania (1681) & Delaware (1682)In 1681, the king of England bestowed the land comprising present-day Pennsylvania to William Penn, primarily in payment of a large debt the king owed to Penn’s father. The younger Penn had converted to the Society of Friends (Quakers), a radical Protestant sect. Penn intended Pennsylvania as a refuge for English Quakers, who were persecuted because of their beliefs. For example, they believed that within each person was an “inner light” (Holy Spirit) that guided each person; they believed that salvation was available to all people; they believed that men and women were equal spiritually; they believed that all of the ritual and ceremony in the church were man-made and non-biblical; they refused to serve in the army or pay taxes to support the Church of England. Penn wanted to establish a Haven for Quakers so they could escape persecution. Penn approached the King of England and asked for land in exchange for the debt the King owed his father. It was granted in 1681.Penn framed a gov’t that guaranteed an elected assembly and religious freedom. Furthermore, Pennsylvania had no established religion and allowed Christians of all faiths to vote and hold office. During the 1680s, thousands of Quakers, mainly from England, came to Pennsylvania. To attract additional settlers, Penn sold land inexpensively and thousands of Germans soon arrived in the colony.Penn also treated the Indians fairly. He never awarded any land to whites that had not already been purchased from the Indians. In fact, Penn’s treatment of the Indians was so fair, that many tribes picked up and moved to Pennsylvania.In 1682, William Penn purchased the colony of Delaware so Pennsylvanians would have direct access to the Atlantic Ocean. The land comprising Delaware had once been part of the Duke of York’s land. The settlers in Delaware disliked being ruled by the Quakers to the north and petitioned the English crown for their own colony. This was granted in 1704, and Delaware became its own colony.The Columbian Exchange: Cultural Exchange and Its ImpactWith the arrival of Columbus in 1492, a process of cultural exchange was initiated that historians call the Columbian Exchange. Although trade was part of it, most of the exchange that took place was more natural. It was more like cultural borrowing. So, many items (like plants and animals), ideas, disease, etc.,crossed cultural boundaries and had a big impact on both the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World. A. Plants & Animals-Old World to the New (including Africa & Asia)+wheat, olives, bananas, sugar cane, citrus fruits, onions.+livestock such as sheep, cows, pigs, chickens+horse-New World to the Old+corn, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peanuts, & tobacco.-Impact+changed diets of both worlds; cattle allows for a regular diet of beef & hides+cattle also trample crops, change the lay of the land, and large-scale farming causes deforestation, which could even affect climate (hotter with fewer trees);