MC 101 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture 1. Yellow Journalism2. Making of the Modern Press3. Responsibility in Integrity in Journalism4. The Cannons of Journalism 5. Concentration into Chains6. What is News?7. News Values8. Broadcast news: Radio9. Broadcast News: Television 10. Broadcast News: Cable11. Leading the News Process12. Newspaper Industry 13. Special Interest Newspapers14. The Staf15. Support Services16. The Reader17. Controversies 18. Recordings: History of Copyright Battles & Format WarsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.19. Music in an Oral Culture 20. Early Recording Technology 21. Enter Radio 22. Stereo and High Fidelity 23. Format Wars Intensify 24. Music Downloading Outline of Current Lecture 1. Major Labels 2. Royalties 3. Radio Numbers 4. Brief History 5. Rise of networks 6. Regulation 7. Golden Age of Radio 8. Reacting to TV: 3 Keys9. Dayparts10. Concentration and Fragmentation 11. Early Movie Technology 12. The Movie West Current LectureChapter 7: Music and Talk: Recordings and Radio (continued…)The Major Labels: Global Goliaths (TEST)- Four major corporations: Warner, EMI, Sony, BMG, Universal; collect 800% of recording industry revenues each year- Independents: Smaller but important part of recordingMajor Music Labels TableTop Selling Albums of All TimeTableMusic industry Revenues (Million) (TEST) sinking GraphRoyalties (TEST)- 2 types of royalties: recording artist royalties, and then songwriter and publisher royalties (TEST)- Recording artist: Royalty from sales of recording o Due to digital performance rights in sound recordings act of 1995 recording artists also get $ for performances in digital arena – webcast or satellite radio - Songwriter/publisher: performance rights paid by PROs (performance rights organizations): ASCAP, BMI, SESAC; also money from sales of recording - PROS do sample surveys, determine pay of recordings Controversies - Censorship- Album Labeling: Parent’s Music Resource Center (PMRC), rating - Chain-store Restrictions: Wal-Mart: won’t sell without parental advisories - Radio Play Restrictions: Dixie Chicks; Post-2001 Clear Channel unpatriotic song list Radio Numbers (TEST)- Radio accounts for 5% of media industry revenues in US - Broadcast and satellite - 675 million receivers in US - Average person: 3 hours weekday, 5 hours weekend - $19 billion in ad revenues a year A Brief History (TEST)- 1861: Samuel Morse: telegraph (1844): electronic signal over wire coast to coast - 1876: Alexander Graham Bell: telephone: voice over wire - 1887: Heinrich Hertz: electric current from one coil to one across room; radio waves; measure of electrical frequency - 18802: Thomas Edison company (later GE) wire lighting in NY- Electromagnetic spectrum: range of frequencies that can be used for transmitting radio waves with electricity- 1896: Guglielmo Marconi combine work of Morse, Hertz, Edison into wireless telegraphy: early readio transmissions before human voices could be carried on airwaves (TEST)- 1899: Come to US, American Marconi - 1906: Reginald Fessenden: First wireless voice transmission - 1907: Lee DeFrost: Audion: Tube to pickup and amplify radio signals, vacuum tube (TEST)- 1915: David Sarnof American Marconi: Broadcasting: Use of wireless technology to instantaneously reach a wide audience; marketable product - 1917: WWI: Navy take over radio industry, pool, patents; rain 10,000 personnel in radio; 1918 war end and radio takes of - 1920: AT&T, Westinghouse, general electric and RCA (GE) subsidiary) formed consortium to take over manufacture of radios and setting up stations; soon became fierce competitors The Rise of Networks (TEST)- Broadcast Network: Group of interconnected stations that share programming and a parent company that supplies programming to stations(TEST)- Owned and Operated (O&Os): Broadcast stations owned and operated by the network; usually large market, NY, LA- Network Affiliates: Local stations that are not owned by, but have a contractual relationship with the network- Network gives product, stations give audience - 1923: First network: At&T: connect NY and Boston - 1926: RCA’s David Sarnof form first two national networks: NBC Red and NBC Blue; dominant - 1927: William Paley: CBS; bought from Columbia Recording Company; by end of WWII, leader in radio news- Mutual Broadcasting Company 1934, coalition of independents; end in 1998- ABC 1941: NBC Blue sold; Edward Noble, Owner of Lifesavers- Originally linked by telephone; 1970s satellite Regulation (TEST)- Radio Act of 1912 o Require license to operate radio transmitter o Put radio under government control, no agency o Ships have radio on 24 hours; Titanic - Radio Act of 1927(TEST)o Establish Federal Radio Commission (FRC), traffic cop o Public interest, convenience and necessity – be good for community o Calls letters: broadcast station ids assigned by FCCo W, east of Mississippi River; K, West - Communications Act of 1934(TEST)- FCR become FCC (Federal Communication Commission): Government agency in charged of regulating all means of interstate telephones and radio commission - Restrictions on station ownership- Major Overhaul: Telecommunications Act of 1996 DeregulateMajor Radio Legislation Table The Golden Age of Radio - 1930s-1940s- National Audience, appeal in time of Depression - Talk shows in the morning, soap operas in afternoon - Musicals: big bands, Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra- Comedy Jack Benny< George Burns, Gracie Allen, Abbott and Costello, Bob Hope, Amos and Andy - Dramas: The Shadow, The Lone Ranger, The Green Hornet - Original Plays, War of the Worlds- Game Shows, Truth or Consequences- Political; 60 million FDR, Japan; Fireside chats - TV comes; challenges to radio Reacting to TV: 3 Keys (TEST)- 1) AM to FM o AM: amplitude (wave height) varies, frequency (wave length) the same; change power ofwave o FM: frequency varies, amplitude the same; change speed at which wave is generated o Edwin Armstrong demonstrate in 1936o Much clearer sound - 2) Transistor 1954: a durable, solid-state, miniature version of the larger and fragile vacuum tubes o Allow radio to go small and portable, cars- 3) Format Radio o Consistent programming formula with a recognizable sound and personality o TeddStorz, Omaha Gordon McLendon, Dallas o Top 40: top 40 best-selling played in rotationo Target audiences; local