Chapter 1Sociological imagination-C.wright-the application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions.-thinks himself away from the familiar routines of daily life.-quality of mind that makes it possible to understand the larger meaning of experiences.Social Structure-the underlying regularities or patterns in how ppl behave and in their relationships with one another.Social Construction-idea or practice that a group of ppl agree exists.-maintained overtime by ppl taking its existence for grantedSocial order-existence of norms-rational for individuals to act this waySocialization-learn and internalize norms as young people-follow through with expectations of the norm in most of their interactions-children develop awareness of social norm, values and achieve a distinct sense of self.-reactions of others influence and modify their behavior.Agency and structure-free will and determinism-determinism: where you end up in life is influenced by where you’re born in to.-lives of individuals are determined by their social roles, gender, race, and class.Social change-Alexis de toqueville, social theorist-“democracy in America” wanted to understand how conditions of democracy and equality were possible.-Max Weber, theorist-wolrd changing due to influence of massive large scale organizations, transformed social life.-Kalr Marx -how industrialization had changed structure of an entire society.-transforming relationships of individuals to their work and each other from feudalism to capitalism.-Emile Durkheim-The division of labor in society-how historical changes brought by industrialization and urbanization led to increase specificity of roles individuals fulfilled.Theories and Theoretical approaches-August Comte, French philosopher-scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior and society “social physics”-society and social order were constructed by individuals-Emile Durkeim-sociology must study social facts: aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals. (ex state of the economy and influence of religion)-social facts could be studied scientifically-organic solidarity: social cohesion that results from various parts of society functioning as an integrated whole.-social constraint: like “walls” limiting what we can do as individuals. Conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members.-division labor: specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system.-Anomie: social factors influence suicidal behavior, situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior. Karl Marx -Materialist conception of history: material, economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change.-Capitalism: economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.-those with capital goods form ruling class -> wage workers are the working class (exploded)Max Weber-Cultural ideas and values shape society and affect individual actions.-Bureaucracy: organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full time salaried officials. Neglected Founders-Harriet Martineau-first woman sociologist-focus on all aspects political, religious and social institutions. W.E.B Du Bois-first A.A to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard-concept of double consciousness -one’s sense of self and one’s identity are influenced by historical experiences and social circumstances.-Rationalization: Max Weber, organization of social, economic and cultural life according to principles of efficiency and the basis of technical knowledge. *Modern Theoretical Approaches*-Symbolic Interactionism: George Hebert Mead-emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction.-key elements are symbols: one item is used for or to represent another.-Functionalism: Comte-perspective based on the notion that social events can be best explained in terms of the functions they perform.-contributions they make to the continuity of society. -emphasizes the importance of moral consensus in maintaining order and stability in society. -manifest functions: functions of a type of social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity. -latent functions: functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur. Marxism and class conflict-Marxism: sociological analysis and political reform.-concept of power: ability of individuals to achieve aims or further the interest they hold.-ideologies: shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups. -justify actions of the powerful.Feminist Theory: sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the socialworld and the uniqueness of the experience of women. -explain gender inequalities in society and to work to overcomes them.Rational Choice Theory: an individual’s behavior is purposive, rational choice analysis argues that deviant behavior is a rational response to a specific social situation.Postmodern Theory: belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress, pluralistic and diverse theory.-with no “grand narrative” guiding its development. Levels of analysis-Microsociology: study of everyday human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction (ex business corporation).-Macrosociology: study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems. (ex political system, economic