PSY 100 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture XV. Perception and SensationA. TasteB. HearingC. Smell D. SightOutline of Current LectureXVI. Vision ExpandedA. Parts of the eyeB. Vision and the brainC. Gestalt PsychologyCurrent LectureXVI. Vision Expanded A. Parts of the eyeWe take in visual information through the cornea.Near-sightedness and far-sightedness depend on your focus.When we focus on something we distinguish figure (the subject) and ground (background).Underneath the membrane (cornea) are the pupil and the iris.The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. When your pupils are constricted you can see more clearly than when they are dilated.When the sympathetic nervous system is activated your pupils constrict, allowing your visionto be sharper.When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated your pupils dilate because you do not need to see as well.The lens is on the inside of the eye and focuses the image on the retina.The lens changes shape to focus on far or near targets through processes of accommodation.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.We determine how close or far something is by how much space the image takes up on our retina. B. Vision and the BrainOur brains are cross-wired, meaning what the left eye sees is processed by the right occipitallobe and what our right eye sees is processed by the left occipital lobe.Cones and rods interpret visual information. Cones see color and fine detail and rods give us information on the black and white (contrast).The optic nerve is a bundle of nerves that travels out of the back of the eye to the thalamus and then to the occipital lobe. There are no receptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye.Our brain can fill in blind spots in our vision. However this leads us to assume we can see more than we actually can (visual field is restricted).We take things into context when processing visual information.The image on our retina is reversed and then the brain flips it back.Our brains will adjust to alterations in vision, for example if we wear glasses that alter our visual field (flip things upside-down, moves visual field 30 degrees etc.) we can adjust to thatchange and then when the glasses are taken off, revert back to normal.Top-down processing- what we know and/or assume influences what we seeBottom-up processing- what we see influences the interpretation/assessment we makeC. Gestalt PsychologyThe sum (or whole) is different than each individual part.1. Proximity: how we judge the distance of things, for example our eyes will group lines that are spaced evenly apart and see some as closer and some as spaced farther apart.2. Continuity: we assume things are continuous, we often times see things as continuous that are not3. Connectedness: we assume if things are connected the go together. 4. Similarity: how we assimilate things (by color, shape, size