Lecture 9Chapter 9: Olympic MovementHistory of the Ancient OlympicsStarted in Greece in 776 BC to honor ZeusFirst festival was only one foot race.Held every 4 years until 394 AD.Common men competed against soldiers.Women did not compete and were not allowed to watch the Olympic gamesPenalty for a female watching an event was deathAthletes competed in the nudeBy 18th Olympics, pentathlon was an event.Christian emperor banned pagan worship.Pagan worship: worshiping any God other than the Christian GodReborn in Athens in 1896 with 14 countries.Effects of the Olympic GamesCost and lasting effects on the host city (in 2008 Beijing cost more than $43 billion)Infrastructure, security, accommodations for guests and athletesHuge financial and commercial influence on media (NBC spent $2 billion to broadcast 2010 and 2012 events, a 46% increase from 2006 and 2008)Rise of elite athletes and importance of winningShift from amateur to professional athletesDiscussion:The Olympics motto is “Citius, altius fortius” (swifter, higher, stronger). How much of an athlete’s motivation for Olympic participation is financial? Patriotic? Performance-driven?How might those motivations differ compared to Olympic officials and sport policy makers? How does that affect allocations of resources and ethical decision making, such as performance-enhancing drug use?Influence on Promoting NationalismNational committees pick athletes to represent their country.Ceremonies include flags and anthems.All athletes march together behind their flag in one uniform.Governments use games to promote political structure (1938 Berlin Games and Nazi Germany).Olympics are now a big business event.Discussion: Should medal counts by nation be emphasized by the media?Political Structure of Olympic MovementIOC oversees 202 national Olympic committees (NOCs).NOCs promote Olympic principles and determine how to select and send athletes.NOCs leverage nationalism.Like all human organizations, Olympics are inherently political.United States Olympic CommitteeReceives no funding from U.S. governmentFunded by private donations, sponsorsMembership categoriesNational governing bodies (NGBs)Paralympic sport organizations (PSOs)Affiliated and community-based organizationsUSOC Structural ChangesUntil 2004, 100 board membersScandals caused government interventionNow smaller committees, annual reportingCurrent goalsDevelop athletes at grassroots levelGrassroots—home grown, small communities, working from the bottom upProvide access to elite training programsSupport Olympic athletes’ training and competitionUSOC Mission StatementTo assist in finding opportunities for every American to participate in sport, regardless of gender, race, age, geography, or physical ability.12 objectives and 6 of them relate to average peoplePursuit of MedalsU.S. medals dominance since USSR broke upU.S. baseball did not qualify for 2004 Olympic Games; baseball and softball no longer part of Olympic GamesU.S. basketball no longer automatic goldIn 1972, first time US did not win a Gold Medal in basketball—lost to Soviet Union. Officials replayed the last 6 to 8 seconds three times and Soviet Union the last time by 1 pointOne of the captains from the 1972 US Olympic basketball game Kevin Joyce played at USCChina and other Asian countries vying for top medal slotDiscussion: What do you think is the best strategy for using resources if a country’s goal is to win the most medals?What do you think an NGB’s goals should be?USOC’s Athlete DevelopmentUSOC is in charge of identifying athlete talent, but no single system is in place.Training facilities are spreading from a few Olympic training centers to smaller metropolitan sites.USOC provides support and materials to develop coaching.Proposals for Changes to OlympicsDecrease commercialism.Eliminate nationalism.Ensure drug-free competition.Decrease size and cost of hosting event.Increase security.Others?SPTE 110 1st EditionLecture 9Chapter 9: Olympic MovementHistory of the Ancient Olympics- Started in Greece in 776 BC to honor Zeus- First festival was only one foot race.- Held every 4 years until 394 AD.- Common men competed against soldiers.o Women did not compete and were not allowed to watch the Olympic games o Penalty for a female watching an event was death o Athletes competed in the nude - By 18th Olympics, pentathlon was an event.- Christian emperor banned pagan worship.o Pagan worship: worshiping any God other than the Christian God - Reborn in Athens in 1896 with 14 countries. Effects of the Olympic Games- Cost and lasting effects on the host city (in 2008 Beijing cost more than $43 billion)o Infrastructure, security, accommodations for guests and athletes - Huge financial and commercial influence on media (NBC spent $2 billion to broadcast 2010 and 2012 events, a 46% increase from 2006 and 2008)- Rise of elite athletes and importance of winning- Shift from amateur to professional athletes Discussion:  The Olympics motto is “Citius, altius fortius” (swifter, higher, stronger). How much of an athlete’s motivation for Olympic participation is financial? Patriotic? Performance-driven?  How might those motivations differ compared to Olympic officials and sport policy makers? How does that affect allocations of resources and ethical decision making, such as performance-enhancing drug use?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Influence on Promoting Nationalism - National committees pick athletes to represent their country.- Ceremonies include flags and anthems.- All athletes march together behind their flag in one uniform. - Governments use games to promote political structure (1938 Berlin Games and Nazi Germany).- Olympics are now a big business event. Discussion: Should medal counts by nation be emphasized by the media?  Political Structure of Olympic Movement- IOC oversees 202 national Olympic committees (NOCs).- NOCs promote Olympic principles and determine how to select and send athletes.- NOCs leverage nationalism.- Like all human organizations, Olympics are inherently political. United States Olympic Committee- Receives no funding from U.S. government- Funded by private donations, sponsors- Membership categories o National governing bodies (NGBs) o Paralympic sport organizations (PSOs) o Affiliated and community-based organizations USOC