PRE 305 1st EditionLecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Infant cognitive developmentA. How do we study infantsB. Data collection with infantsC. The newborn’s brainD. Brain developmentE. Newborn reflexesF. Infant learningG. Infant cognitionOutline of Current Lecture I. Infant social developmentA. Transition to parenthoodB. The parent-child relationshipC. Attachment through the life courseD. Adult attachment stylesCurrent LectureTransition to parenthood- “Baby blues.” Hormonal factors, sleep deprivation add to feeling sad, anxious, overwhelmed.- Postpartum depression: sever feelings of anxiety, sadness, hopelessness, etc. - Importance of supportThe parent-child relationship- Attachment. Attachment theory. 1. Attachment is adaptive2. Importance of early experience: first few years of life are especially important and contributeto characteristics later in life. 3. Internal working models4. Secure base: feel more confident because you have the secure base of a parent to go to.- Harlow’s monkeys- comfort from the mother was more important to the baby monkey than being fed. - Measuring attachment: The “Strange Situation”1. Subjects the baby to mild stress to measure attachment2. Examine child’s use of the caregiver as a secure base3. Behavior at reunions especially important - Secure attachment (65-70%):1. Internal working models: o Confident of caregiver’s emotional and physical availability, trusts caregiver.o Views self as competent and worthy of love.2. Behavior in Strange Situationo Uses caregiver as secure baseo Actively seeks proximity and contacto If upset by separation, easily comforted by caregiver upon return- Avoidant attachment (20-25%): 1. Internal working models:o Not confident of caregiver’s emotional and physical availability, does nottrust caregiver or expect her to provide for needs2. Behavior in Strange Situationo Explores environmento Does not appear distressed by separationo Avoids or ignore caregiver upon return- Resistant attachment (10%): 1. Internal working models:o Not confident of caregiver’s emotion and physical availability, does not trust caregiver to respond appropriately or consistently2. Behavior in strange situationo Little exploration of environment, wary, clingyo Very upset upon separationo Hard to soothe upon return, may mix contact seeking with contact resistance- Disorganized attachment (5%):1. Fear caregiver. Seen more in abused children. - Parenting and attachment: Attachment style as an adaptation to the environment. Importance ofsensitive parenting. Attachment through the life course:- Attachment theorists argue that we carry our attachment style with us throughout life. - Parent as secure base for cognitive and emotional exploration- Peer relationships: children who are secure in their parent relationships develop more secure social relationships later on in life.- Romantic relationships: “Earned secure” status- had an insecure attachment early in life, but overcame it and developed secure relationships later in life.- Parenting behavior: Parents who were securely attached when they were young children are more likely to replicate the behavior that their parents had toward their own children.Adult attachment styles:- Secure: comfortable with deep emotional relationships.- Fearful-avoidant: uncomfortable with being close to others. Worried or untrustworthy.- Dismissing-avoidant: I don’t need others attitude.- Preoccupied: I want to be close, but others don’t value me or want to be close to