REHAB 205 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide UNIT 1 DISABILITIES AND DISORDERS:Be able to describe disabilities listed. - Spinal cord injury (lecture 4)The spinal cord conduct impulses to and from the brain, an Injury to the spinal cord that changes in a person’s ability to perform peripheral movements and/or experience sensory stimulation in areas connected to spinal cord (Mowrey & Bergman, 2008). This injury effects 8,000-10,000 Americans a year, mostly males. Causes: Accidents, compression due to tumors, from polio or viruses similar, and neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis and birth defectsSymptoms: vary based on location. Neck (c1-c8) chest (T1-T12) Lower back/pelvis (L1-L5)and pelvis to end of spinal column (s1-s5). If someone has a T4, they will lose motor ability below the nipples if injury is complete.Secondary Effects-physiological : pressure sores(break down of skin because of immobility), spasticity(exaggerated involuntary motions), obesity, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, urinary tract infections, PTSD, Depression, substance abusePrognosis: when not complete, can be rehabilitated. Complete injuries cannot be, there is no cure for paralysis. People suffering will need on going help to gain control of the changes their body went though. - Amputation(lecture 4)Loss of part of the body or all.Causes: Amputation, tumors, accidents, Injuries, limb deficiencies, cancer, infection and birth defect. 82% of amputations are due to vascular disease, 22% to trauma.Locations: Forequarter (remove arm, clavicle and scapula) is most severe location to get amputated.Secondary Effects: Edema – swelling, Contractures, Phantom limb sensation - feeling the missing part, Phantom limb pain - pain in the missing part, Psychosocial issuesTreatment: fitting of artificial limbs (prosthese), counseling, pain management, exercises to promote strength, control and endurance. Occupational Therapy: to learn effective use of assistive devices, Physical Therapy: for building and maintaining muscleStrength- Achondoplasia(lecture 4)Most common form of dwarfism. It affects the growth of long bones. Cause: associated with paternal age being higherCharacteristics: Low nasal bridge, short hands, bowed legs, curvature of spine, frequent ear infections.Treatment: reconstructive surgery and therapy that is intense to correct orthopedic problems, exercise is recommended, monthly measure skulls for hydrocephalus, do sleep studies to make sure you do not have apnea. - Neural tube defects(lecture 5)Involve incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord and or covering of any of these. Spina Bifid is the most common, it is openings in the vertebrae in spinal tissue is exposed. Associated with learning disabilities. Limited height growth is normal. Causes: genetic or environmental, not fully known. Possible combination of bothResults: effects bodily functions, pain and muscle spasmsTreatment: Shunt to reduce hydrocephalus (70-90%), Assistive technologies for mobility- Cerebral palsy(lecture 5)Condition where Individual experiences chronic disabilities of movement and coordination due to damages of the brain.Causes: birth injury, exposure from mother to toxic substances, lack of oxygen(during labor or umbilical cord wrapped around neck, premature placenta separation). Not genetic. Not progressive but is chronic.Spastic CP: 70-80% of cerebral palsy cases. Muscles contract making limbs ridid and stiff. They are resistant to flexing and relaxing. Reflexes are exaggerated and awkward. The mouth can be affected, effecting speech, eating, breathing and swallowing. Non-spastic: Decreased muscle tone, involuntary movementTreatment: No cure, physical therapy is required, assistive technology (speech devices and ambulatory devices)Parents are usually prone to over protectiveness or neglect, they usually have issues with sexual identity and body image- Multiple sclerosis(lecture 6)A progressive condition where normal function of central nervous system deteriorates with time. Cause: Unknown, Epidemiology: 70% women, usually between ages of 20-40. Not common in Asians and Native Americans. More likely in temperate climates or when history in family.Diagnosis: No single tool to diagnose, tools used are magnetic resonance imaging and examination of cerebrospinal fluid and evoked potentials. Treatment: No cure, treatment includes relapse management rehabilitation and medication. Lifelong not usually fatal disease. Many need wheelchairs. Many also need training memory skills and iphones can help with this. - Muscular dystrophy(lecture 6)Group of hereditary conditions(progressive muscle weakness, muscle wasting, deformity). Some forms are more rapid. Two most common types. Duchenne and Becker. Duchenne is where it occurs at a fast rate, and is detected within first 7 years oflife, by 13 they will usually require wheelchair and life span is no longer than 25 years in majority of cases. Becker is at a slower rate, it is detected between 5-25 years of age, and most are able to walk into adulthood. Becker will not lead to premature death.Cause: genetic deficiencies in ability to create dystrophin protein complex, without this, muscle tissue cannot regenerate. Results from genetics. Only males get this condition. Females are carriers. Treatment: No cure, physical therapy and occupational therapy to train them. - Arthritis(lecture 5)Disease that results in chronic and progressive inflammation in various tissue mostly in joints. Rheumatic —cause inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissueArthritis - painful inflammation and stiffness of the