PSYCH 2210 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7I. Lecture NotesLecture 1 (January 22nd)- The mind is what the brain does—overall course theme- Brain myths: o 1. We use only 10% of our braino 2. Left brain vs. right braino 3. Video games can increase brain functiono 4. 10,000 hours and you’re an expert (Don’t believe Malcolm Gladwell) o 5. Creativity and mental illness Lecture 2 (January 27th)I. Introduction to Neuroscience- How mental processes—thought, memories, perception—and behaviors are organized and implemented by brain activity- Interdisciplinary field (biology, psychology, philosophy, etc.)- Roots extend back thousands of yearsII. Mind and Brain: An Empirical Example- Wilder Penfield (neurosurgeon)—removing brain tumors- Direct electrical stimulation of cortex (1940’s)- Produces “mental” sensations of thinking, perceiving, etc. - “Mind is what the brain does”- Touched various areas of the brain to see how it affected the person (no pain receptors present on brain tissue, so this is why sometimes during brain surgery patients are awake and only given a local anesthetic) - Hippocampus—responsible for memories (we will discuss more in later chapters)“Secrets of the Mind”—watch on 2/12 (Instead of coming in for lecture)- Phantom Limb, Blindsight, Neglect SyndromeIII. Historical Origins- Aristotleo Explored questions (like neurosurgeons) about thought, learning, and emotionso Often wrongo Didn’t test hypotheseso Philosopher, not scientisto Thought women were inferior to men in every way possible (“Men have more teeth thanwomen”—but he never tested/counted empirically)- Galeno Studied gladiatorso Linked brain injury to mental deficits o Believed though resided in ventricleso Tries to keep gladiators alive/treat them—many had brain injuries- Hippocrates “Father of Medicine” o Empirical approacho Brain as seat of thoughts and emotionso First to say “epilepsy” was a physical condition rather than communication from the gods. - Leonardo Da Vincio Anatomical drawings- Rene Descarteso Dualism—distinction between brain and mind (opposite of what we know now) Nonmaterial soul  Material bodyo Proposed ide of body as machine Spinal reflexes Neural pathways- Thomars Williso Founder of Clinical neuroscienceo “Father of neurology”o 1650o First to say dualism was not really correcto “Soul made flesh”o Story of Anne Green hung to her death for 30 minutes, then delivered to Willis and she came back to life 24 hours later. This is what really made him famous. o Schizophreniao Anatomical drawings of the braino “Circle of Willis”—brain freeze (the two vessels important in regulating body temperature are affected and produces this sharp pain when you drink something too cold too fast)- Franz Gallo Phrenology: very large fad Pseudoscience (on the surface seems like a science but in reality it is not). Phrenology claimed that the bumps on the skull could be used to measure brain/personality traits Rationale—size tells you everything about certain regions of the brain “Read” peoples skulls, had parties where people would come and have personality readings  Phrenology dating—“well suited pairs” based on the readings Went on until the 1850’s IV. Localization of Function- Phrenology vs. modern neuroscience: yes, specialized regions but otherwise different and phrenology is incorrect.- Phrenologyo Based on anecdoteo Claims:  Each region has just one function One-to-one correspondence Brain really has a lot of redundancy (rather than these claims)- Modern Neuroscienceo Based on empirical methods: based on systematic research and controlled experimentso Findings:  There is a degree of specialization of neurons in particular regions Functions are processed by brain circuits  No one-to-one correspondence—ex: language (multiple areas working together)Paul Broca (French Physician) - Found the region of the brain responsible for speech- Broca’s observations—What is now referred to as Broca’s area (speech production)- Patient with left frontal lesion: o Could not speak but had otherwise good cognitive abilitieso Suggested a specialized language faculty in the brain o Worked with stroke patientso Language is a circuit (multiple areas responsible) V. Advances in Experimental Methodology: Brain Can be Observed, Measured- Types of Studies - Experimental Studies (cause/effect)o Somatic interventiono Behavioral intervention- Correlation Studieso Just measure 2 variables and record how they react together. VI. Experimental Design- The independent variable is the condition being manipulated. - The dependent variable is measured in response, such as the behavior. - Control group: or condition, is identical to the experimental group except that they did not experience any alteration- In a within-subjects experiment, the control group is the same set of subjects tested before any alteration. - In a between-subjects experiment, the experimental group is compared to a separate control group that has been treated identically except for the manipulation (more expensive, harder to do). VII. Somatic Intervention (physically manipulating the body)- Independent Variable: manipulate the brain/body - Brain Stimulation - Administer drug or hormone- Dependent Variable: measure change in behavior - Ex: Fritsch and Hitzig Studieso First systematic mapping of the brain o Mapping of motor-cortex Electrical stimulation of the dog’s cortex (using electrodes) Produced specific limb movement Systematically VIII. Behavioral Intervention - Independent Variable: present stimulus- Put male in presence of female- Present visual stimulus- Give training- Dependent Variable: measure change in body (and/or the brain) - Ex: Mirror Box (for phantom limb patientso Present visual feedback—can fix painful feeling for patients with phantom limbo Measure changes in brain activityo Visual/auditory stimulus (hearing words, seeing words, reading words, generating words)—generate activity in other regionsIX. Correlation (not manipulating anything) - Records how much a brain or body measures vary with a behavioral variable or stimuluso Brian size and learning score (how smart)o Hormone levels and strength of mating behavior (in animals and humans)o Size of cerebral ventricles and schizophrenia system/symptoms (larger ventriclesmorelikely to have schizophrenia) - Negative correlation: one measure