ATMO 170A1 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 – 10 Lecture 2 (January 21)Define weather.Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. Define climate.Climate is the set of meteorological conditions that prevail in a particular place or region.The atmospheric parameters of weather include...barometric pressure, cloudiness, humidity, precipitation, temperature, and wind. Right now, it is cold outside. Does this statement refer to climate or weather?This statement refers to weather.The average temperature in March is 20°C. Does this statement refer to climate or weather?This statement refers to climate.Composition of the AtmosphereWhat type of gas makes up 99% of the atmospheric mass?Permanent gases make up 99% of the atmospheric mass.What are the two most abundant permanent gases in today's atmosphere?Nitrogen and oxygen are the two most abundant permanent gases in today's atmosphere.Carbon dioxide and water vapor are examples of what type of gas?Carbon dioxide and water vapor are examples of variable gases. CO2 is entering the atmosphere faster than it is being removed. True or False?True. What is the most important greenhouse gas?Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas. How long does a molecule of water stay in the atmosphere?A molecule of water stays in the atmosphere for ten days.Condensation does not release any energy. True or False?False – Condensation releases a lot of energy. Lecture 3 (January 23) The Ozone97% of the ozone resides where?97% of the ozone resides in the stratosphere. What is significant about the ozone? The ozone shields animals, humans, and plants from UV radiation.The ozone is affected through the release of what? The ozone is affected through the release of chlorofluorocarbons.What is a benefit of chlorofluorocarbons? What is a disadvantage?Benefits of chlorofluorocarbons include: being non-toxic, non-flammable, good for refrigeration, or good propellants. A disadvantage is the fact that they destroy ozone in the stratosphere. AerosolsWhat are aerosols? Provide examples.Aerosols are solid or liquid suspended particles. Some examples include: ash from volcanoes, dust and soil, pollutants, or salt particles.Aerosols are needed for...Aerosols are needed for cloud formation (acting as cloud condensation nuclei).Vertical Structure of the AtmosphereDefine mass.Mass is the amount of a particular material (intrinsic to the object).Define weight.Weight is the force of the object due to gravity.What is the equation to find weight?Weight = Gravity x MassDefine density.Density is the number of molecules in a given space (volume). What is the equation to find density?Density = Mass ÷ VolumeDefine air pressure.Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere above.What is the equation to find pressure?Pressure = Force (Weight) ÷ AreaLecture 4 (January 26)Temperature and Heat TransferWhat is the term for the average speed (or average motion) of atoms and molecules?Temperature is the average speed (or average motion) of atoms and molecules. Does volume decrease or increase when molecules begin to move slower?Volume decreases when molecules begin to move slower. What is the boiling point of water?The boiling point of water is 100°C/212°F. What is the freezing point of water (at seal level)?The freezing point of water is 0°C/32°F.At what point do the Celsius/Fahrenheit scales meet?The scales meet at -40°.EnergyDefine energy.Energy is the ability to do work. Is a raindrop falling an example of kinetic energy or potential energy?A raindrop falling is an example of kinetic energy.Is a droplet inside of a cloud an example of kinetic energy or potential energy?A droplet inside of a cloud is an example of potential energy.Kinetic energy has to do with...motion.Potential energy has to do with...stored energy.When ice becomes vapor, is energy being released from the environment or taken in?Energy is being taken in.When vapor becomes ice, is energy being released from the environment or taken in?Energy is being released. Lecture 5 (January 28)Phase Changes ( Latent Heat vs. Sensible Heat)What is the equation to find latent heat?△Elatent = mass x latent heatHow many calories are needed to evaporate one gram of water at room temperature?About six hundred calories are needed. Define sensible heat.Sensible heat is heat that we can feel and measure with a thermometer.What is the equation to find sensible heat?△Esensible = mass x specific heat x T OR T = E ÷ (mass x specific heat)△ △ △If an object has high specific heat, will it change temperature more or less than an object with low specific heat (given the same energy input)?It will change temperature less. High specific heat and a moderate climate. Does this describe a coastal or inland region?This describes a coastal region. Low specific heat and more extreme temperatures. Does this describe a coastal or inland region?This describes an inland region.Define heat.Heat is the energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between them.Define specific heat.Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius. Lecture 6 (January 30)Mechanisms for Heat TransferDefine conduction.Conduction is the energy transport from hot to cold by random motion of atoms or molecules.Conduction depends on...temperature difference.Is air a good or bad conductor?Air is a bad conductor.List some examples of good conductors.Aluminum/copper/silver (metal) are good conductors. If you had a piece of metal at metal at 60°F and a piece of wood at 60°F, which would feel colder? Explain why.The piece of metal would feel colder because it is a good conductor and takes heat from the hand.Define convection.Convection is the transfer of heat by the mass movement of fluid (such as air or water).Describe the process of free convection.The air becomes hotter by conduction. The air begins to expand and become less dense. A bubble begins to rise. A bubble rises on its own (thermals). Free convection happens naturally.What is forced convection?Forced convection is the transfer of wind (avection). RadiationFrequency and wavelength are related. True or False?True.Explain why the transfer of energy by radiation can occur in empty space.Radiation can be transferred without a medium because it propagates in wave form. How fast does radiation travel?Radiation travels at the speed of