GEOG 1982 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 11- Anthropocene = “the human era”, term used to describe current geological epoch in which human activity dominates the planet, beginning with Industrial Revolution- Atmospheric circulation = global movement of air that transports and moisture and explains the climates of different regions- Biodiversity = variety in the types and numbers of species in particular regions of the world- Birthrates = measure of number of births in a population, usually expressed as births per 1,000- Capitalism = form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and thecontrol of the means of the production, distribution, and exchange of goods by private ownership- Climate = typical conditions of the weather that is expected at a location, often measured by long terms averages of temperature and precipitation- Climate system = interactions of air, water, and the sun’s energy circulating around the globe; weather and climate are product of the climate systemo Consists of five major components  Atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, biosphere- Colonialization = establishment of a settlement in a place or region- Commodity chain = network of production and labor processes that originates in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of finished commodity- Convergent plate boundaries = areas where tectonic plates of earth’s crust meet and create subduction zones- Culture = shared sets of attitudes and behavior characteristic of a particular social group that also includes shared symbols and everyday practices and activities - Death rates = measure of deaths in population, expressed as 1,000 deaths per population or as apercentage- Deforestation = clearing, thinning, or elimination of tree cover in historically forested areas, mosttypically referring to human caused tree-cover loss- Demographic transition = replacement of high birth rates and death rates by low birth and deathratesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Development = improvement of economic well-being and standard of living of people - Dialects = regional variations between language- Diaspora = spatial dispersion of previously homogenous group- Divergent plate boundaries = area where tectonic plates of Earth’s crust are pulling apart- Ecosystem = complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their relationships in a physical place- Emerging region = area where loosely connected locations are developing greater international coherence - Ethnicity = state of belonging to a social group that has common national or cultural tradition, socially created system of rules about who belongs to particular cultural group - Fundamentalism = belief in or strict adherence to a set of basic principles often arises in reactionto perceived doctrinal compromises with modern social and political life- Gender = social differences between men and women rather than anatomical differences due to sex of a person- Gender-related development index = composite indicator of gender equality assessing the standard of living in a country that aims to show the inequalities between men and women in the following areas: long and healthy, life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living - Geography = study of physical features of Earth and its atmosphere, the spatial organization and distribution of human activies, and the complex interrelationships between people and the natural and human-made environments in which they live - Geomorphology = study of landforms - Globalization = increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change - Global north = parts of the globe experiencing highest levels of economic development, which are typically- though by no means exclusively- found in northern lattitudes- Global south = parts of globe experiencing lowest levels of economic development found in southern latitudes (not exclusively)- Global warming = increase in the world temperature and change in climate associated with increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other gases resulting from human activities, such as deforestation and fossil-fueling burning- Greenhouse gasses = emissions such as methane and nitrous oxide produced by usage of fossil fuel that contributes to global climate change - Gross domestic product = estimate of total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services that are produced in a country in a particular year- Gross national income = estimate similar to GDP, but including the net value of income from broad- the flows of profits or losses from overseas investments- Human development index = a United Nations metric based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income- Imperialism = the extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories - Industrial revolution = a rapid development of mechanized manufacturing that gathered momentum in the early 19th century - International monetary fund = international organization that monitors the international financial system and provides loans to governments throughout the world- Intertropical convergence zone = region where air flows together and rises vertically as a result of intense solar heating at the Equator, often with heavy rainfall, and shifting north and south with seasons - Invasive species = plants or animals that “hitchhike” to a new location through human transport, deliberately or unintentionally, and interact with native species and habitats to create new ecological mixes, land covers, and novel ecosystems- Language = method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional wayo Central aspect of cultural identity, reflecting way different groups see world around them- Lingua franca = common language used to communicated amongst people of different backgrounds and languages, often for trading purposes- Kinds of maps: o Topographical Map = type of map characterized by large scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, using contour lines but, historically, using a variety of methods  Similar to physical map, as it shows