Quiz 2 Study Guide Chapter 5 - Prevalence rates for depressive and bipolar disorders o 14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older in a given year.- Depressive disorders (similarities and differences among them) o Major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms (see symptomlist) that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. Such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime.o Dysthymic disorder, also called dysthymia, involves long-term (two years or longer) less severe symptoms that do not disable, but keep one from functioning normally or from feeling good. Many people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes at some time in their lives.o Psychotic depression, which occurs when a severe depressive illness is accompanied by some form of psychosis, such as a break with reality, hallucinations, and delusions.o Postpartum depression, which is diagnosed if a new mother develops a majordepressive episode within one month after delivery. It is estimated that 10 to 15 percent of women experience postpartum depression after giving birth.o Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), which is characterized by the onset of a depressive illness during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. The depression generally lifts during spring and summer. SAD may be effectively treated with light therapy, but nearly half of those with SAD do not respond to light therapy alone. Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy can reduce SAD symptoms, either alone or in combination with light therapy.o Bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive illness is not as prevalent as major depression or dysthymia, and characterized by cycling mood changes: severe highs (mania) and lows (depression).- Bipolar disorders (similarities and differences among them)o Bipolar 1 Disorder Mania- at least one manic episode Depression- Not required, but possibleo Bipolar 2 Disorder Hypomania with depression episodeo Cyclothymiao Hypomanic Episode Duration- 4 days Must be noticeable to others, but not sever enough to impair their daily life.- Gene by environment interaction studies o- Depression treatment effectiveness (compare and contrast) o Meds and/or Therapy- Risk factors/warning signs for suicide o More than 90 percent of people who kill themselves have a diagnosable mental disorder, most commonly a depressive disorder or a substance abuse disorder.Chapter 6 - Fear networks (what they are, how they relate to anxiety disorders) o- Prevalence rates of anxiety disorders o Approximately 40 million American adults ages 18 and older, or about 18.1 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have an anxiety disorder- Theories of specific phobias o- Cognitive distortions o Exaggerated or irrational thought patterns that are believed to perpetuate the effects of psychopathological states, especially depression and anxiety.- Co-morbidity between anxiety and depressive disorders o Between 10% and 20% of adults in any given 12-month period will visit theirprimary care physician during an anxiety or depressive disorder episode (although typically for a nonpsychiatric complaint); more than 50% of these patients suffer from a comorbid second depressive or anxiety disorder.- Treatment goals of various therapies (e.g. breathing retraining, exposure therapy)