PSYX 348 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-7Lecture 1 Definitions & IntroBe familiar with myths surrounding family violence as well as evidence to the contrary (Why are they myths??)Why there are myths:- Function to reduce personal vulnerability- When people aren’t sufficiently informed, they develop common sense understandings that aren’t necessarily accurate- Simple answers to complex problems- Repeated often enough that people believe them Myths:Family violence is rare- About 1700 children die each year as a result of abuse/neglect- 3000 Americans die each year because of family membersFamily violence has reached epidemic levels- More news reporting on it, but no evidence that its increasingo Could be due to better reportingo More people coming forwardo Parents cant hit kids anymore without potential consequencesPoverty and/or history of family violence causes family violence- Cannot prove causation from research - Not all people who have low SES or who grew up with violence will become violent - Majority of children who were abused do not grow up to become abusive themselvesVictims of violence “asks for it” - Some attempt to explain violence by blaming the victimso “She shouldn’t have been dressed like that”o “My kids are out of control and they don’t respond to anything else”- Its never the victims fault for the abuse or violenceFamily violence sometimes happens and it is not a big dealo “Sometimes people lose control or need to vent, and their family is there to bear the burden”o Losing control with a stranger is not okay, so why is it okay with your family?o Just because someone is family, doesn’t mean that being violent or abusive with them goes without consequencesMinor acts of family violence are always trivial and inconsequentialo What effect does witnessing parents push each other around or fighting siblings have?o Debated: research supports that this type of behavior sets an unhealthy example and model for childreno Spillover effect “Legitimate vs. illegitimate violence”Alcohol and drugs are the cause of family violenceo No causationo Vast majority of men who drink do not hit their partnerso Abusers are abusive whether intoxicated or sobero Only 1 in 4 instances of family violence has alcohol involved o Binge-drinkers are 2 times more likely to be violence then non-drinkerso Alcohol/drugs do not explain FV but the 2 are correlatedViolence and love are incompatible o Just because there is violence, doesn’t mean the family doesn’t also have good times and share affection o Abusive relationships average an abusive experience every month What is the spillover effect?Spillover effect: The more frequently some forms of “legitimate” violence are condoned the more likely “illegitimate” violence is to occur- “Legitimate vs. illegitimate violence” – is it ever okay to be violent? o Ex. of socially acceptable violence: protection of self or othersDifference between instrumental and expressive violence and examples of eachExpressive: violence used for the purpose of expressing angerVs. Instrumental: violence used as a means of stopping unwanted behavior (punishment) Legitimate-instrumental: ex. SpankingLegitimate-expressive: siblings hitting each otherIllegitimate-instrumental: beating a child to teach them a lessonIllegitimate-expressive: most commonly recognized as abuseLecture 2 Describe the process of “discovering” and related terms/concepts including the history of child maltreatment, abuse, and neglect as well as IPV, marital rape, dating violence, elder abuse…Discovering: when a cause becomes acknowledged by society more generally, and the social condition comes to be defined as a social problem through the process of societal reactions and social definitions Social constructionism: the process by which social conditions become social problems; societal reactions are central to the process through which a social condition is redefined as a social problemo Societal reactions to various situations (i.e. family violence) come from different sourceso Individual citizens, religious groups, social movement organizations, political interest groups, the media etc. o Through their reactions to particular social conditions, individuals/institutions play a crucial role in transforming public perceptions Claims makers: members of an interested group who express concern for the problem publicly by raising awareness o Some people have vested interests in the outcomes of their protests, some are moral entrepreneurs- engaged in what they see as a purely moral crusadeo Results in “discovery” of the problem by the publico Different problems discovered in different cultureso Use of different research evidence to support causeHistory of child maltreatmento Child physical abuse was one of the first forms to be recognizedo Child neglect and psychological maltreatment more recently recognized as equal to other forms of abuseo House of Refuge Movement in early 1800so Recognized as US’ first recognition of child abuse (discovery of child abuse)- housing for children who were neglected, abused “on the road to ruin”  Case of Mary Ellen brought by Etta Wheelero Suffrage movement/child movement in early 1900s added to the causeo Result: child protection statutes passed in many stateso Full recognition: Dr. Kempe’s “battered child syndrome”o Defined child abuse as a “clinical condition with diagnosable medical and physical symptoms”  Passing of Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment ActHistory of IPVo Women’s movement mid-late 1800’so Seneca falls convention Main concern: suffrageo Revival of women’s movement 1960’s: feminist movement o More concern about control/victimization of women Discovering IPV against womeno Women were generally though of as inferior, and property of their husbandso Women’s movement- recognized vulnerability of women within the familyo National Organization for Women- 1966 Focused on passed of equal rights amendment, eliminating discrimination in the workplace, public funding for child care and abortion rightso Chiswick women’s aid- first women’s sheltero National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (1978)o Discovering marital rapeo Marriage as a contract in which women had given consent for sexo Not considered serious issue until 1960-70so Hard to win in courto Discovering IPV against men/same sex partnerso Significant debateo Difficult to measure Self