HDFS 330 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapter: 2- Preoperational Stage- Piageto Ages 2-7 yearso Increased use of representational or symbolic thoughto Use of words and pictures rather that actions to understand surroundings (p. 314)o Key to cognitive change: sensory motor activityo Ex: Children of this stage understand that if they see a picture of an apple they understand it to be a representation, they don’t try to eat it (Picture is just a symbol)- Make-Believe Playo Make Believe, pretend Practice and strengthen new representational thoughto Changes Detachment- Child detaches objects from real-life associations- Only for pretending- See the object for what it is in real life- Copy what they see adults doing with these objects Less self centered- child begins to focus make-believe on other people or objects- See how other people will pretend- May feed other people or other toys Sociodramatic play- Combination of schemes- Late preschool years Huge shift in cognitive development starts with pretend playo Benefits Enhances social and cognitive skills Engage in longer period of play- increased:- Attention- Memory- Language and Literacy- Imagination and Creativity- Emotional regulation- Perspective taking- Social skillso Encourage Pretend Play (p.320) Materials and Space Encourage play Understanding adults Experiences Assist in Problem Solvingo Dual Representation Understanding that something can be both a symbol and an object Develops around 3 years oldThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Ex: Setting up furniture in doll house like it is set up at home- Seeing as a dollhouse but also as home See’s the object has dual purpose- Ex: Cup is cup and also a hato Pre-operational Limits Egocentrism- Cannot see things from somebody else’s point of view- Assume others see or feel the same Ex: Piaget’s point of view video Animistic thinking (animism)- Belief that inanimate objects have life like qualitieso Preoperational Limits Conservation (Inability)- Basic quantity or physical characteristic remains the same when outward appearance chances- Weight, Volume, Mass Concentration- Focus on one attribute or aspect of an object or situation rather tan whole- Miss other important factors- Decentration- ability to see multiple attributes or aspects of objects and situations Irreversibility- Inability to think through series of steps and reverse to the beginning Hierarchical Classification- Organize into classes and subclasses based on an attribute- Ex: Class Inclusive Experiment- Education and Vygotskyo Assisted discovery Adults use explanations and prompts Peer collaboration assisted (Mixed ages)o Challenges:- Theory of Mindo Young children’s developing abilities to understand Thoughts or mental states (beliefs, intention, etc.) Or self and others Impact of mental states on behaviorso Age 3 Children realize that thinking can be internal People act because of wantso Age 4 Realize what you belief and want impact behavior Aware of false beliefso Read more about Language and reasoning Cognitive skills Make-believe play Social interaction- Language developmento Rapid vocabulary development Age 2 they know about 200 words Age 6 they know about 10,000 5-new words everydayo Fast Mapping Learning unfamiliar by forming a faster reasonable guess about the meaning Preschool years- fewer repetitions and better recallo Semitics- Word meaningo Syntax- Structure of sentences; grammaro Syntactic bootstrapping Word meaning learned from paying attention to syntax Conversations with adults and otherso If word is unknown they will create labels based on known words Plant Man- gardener - Memoryo Recognition Ability to recognize an object or stimulus as similar to something seen previouslyo Recall Forming mental image Object, stimulus, etc.o Memory Deliberate strategies to remember information- Ex: Acronyms, Repetition, Categorizing, Songs- Information Processing o Attention Inhibition- Increase as ability to inhibit impulses- Resist pull of attention- Stay focused on goal- Concentration Planning- Think out sequence ahead of time- Remain focused and attentive to reach goal Sustained attention and planning- Improves becauseo Frontal lobe growtho Complex play goalso Adult scaffolding Through materials as well- Questioning Pre-Operational Thinkingo True reflection of what preschoolers ability? Unfamiliar elements Too much information/ too much to process at one timeo Egocentric Can adapt speech to fit listenero Development may be more continuous rather than stage like Simplified, familiar tasks lead to more success Gradual increase in logical problem solvingo Little emphasis on role of language in learning- Education & Piageto Discovery Learning Opportunities to explore and discover; construct knowledge through hands-on engagemento Sensitive to Readiness Build on current knowledge- Ex: Helping children discover answers to questionso Individual Differences Children learn at different rates- opportunities to explore at individual levelso Table 9.1 p.328 Important- Vygotskyo Interaction of child and social environment Collaborate to mold cognition Culturally adaptedo Development comes from social environment and the childo Emphasis on interactions Co-construction of knowledge (Houser-Cram, et al., 2014)o Private speech Foundation for learning higher cognitive processes Memorization, planning, controlled attention, etc. Self guidanceo Increases Hard tasks, after errors or confused When activity in zone of proximal development (ZPD)o Decreases when task too easy or difficulto Zone of proximal development 1.) Complex knowledge and tasks 2.) ZPD (In Between the other two) 3.) Current knowledge and skillso Social Interaction1. Intersubjectivitya. Starting a task with different understanding and ending with a shared understandingb. Adjusting to others perspective andc. Level of understanding2. Scaffoldinga. Adjusting support/ assistance offered to fit knowledge level (teaching) toachieve new skill or solve problemb. Guided participation- Shared experiences between children and more experienced
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