NUTR 470 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 81. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)•Energy expenditure by the body when at rest, but not asleep, under uncontrolled conditions of thermal neutrality, measured about 12 h after the last meal.2. respiratory Quotient (RQ)—• the ratio of the production of CO2 to the consumption of O2 .3. 0.7-1.0 1. RQ of lipids (1g)4. 0.7-1.01. More CHO, lower end has less energy from CHO2. On RQ graph, all data points lies between what two numbers? Higher end indicates what?5. Reducing equivalents 1. are collected by respiratory chain for oxidation and coupled generation of ATP.6. Malnutrition1. Negative energy balance between intake and expenditure2. Resulting from poor diets and from disease states3. Poor nutrition can influence the development of certain chronic diseases.7. Overnutrition (Obesity)1. Positive energy balance between intake and expenditure is the major risk factor of insulin resistance. is highly associated with type 2 diabetes and causes and exacerbates many health problems.8. AIs: Adequate Intakes1. Levels of nutrient intake judged based on less conclusive scientific information than are the RDAs.9. Glycemic IndexThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. a measure of the extent to which carbohydrate and carbohydrate-containing foods increase glucose levels.10. Digestion1. is the process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body.11. glucose + glucose1. Maltase dividing maltose into _____ + ______12. Final digestion products of carbohydrates are _____, _____, and _______.1. glucose, galactose, and fructose13. Absorption1. is the process by which molecules are transported through the GI epithelial cells to enter blood and lymph.14. SGLT 11. How Glucose is absorbed by active Na+-coupled glucose transporter 1 and Galactose is also actively transported.15. GLUT 51. How Fructose is absorbed by a facilitated diffusion system16. lactase 1. Lactose-induced diarrhea or lactose intolerance is due to a genetically deficiency of ______ in the brush- border of the duodeno-jejunal enterocytes17. Glucose1. is the only energy source for red blood cells. (For mitochondria for fatty acids)18. Uptake of Glucose1. the first step after which glucose can be used as energy. Usually couples glucosephosphorylation--> generation of glucose-6-phosphate. Is a regulatory step in certain types of cells. May be crucial for maintaining whole body glucose homeostasis (By muscle makes a major contribution to glucose homeostasis, by tissues other than muscle may have limited roles in regulating glucose homeostasis)19. GLUT 21. In liver and pancreatic β cells2. allows rapid uptake or release of glucose by liver and pancreatic β cells20. GLUT 41. In muscle and adipose tissue.2. is insulin-sensitive.3. The response to insulin is crucial for maintaining glucose homeostasis21. Km1. is the substrate concentration at which v is half the maximal velocity (V max/2) of the enzyme.2. indicates the ability of an enzyme in binding a substrate. --> when decreases, enzyme binding increases22. Hexokinase 21. In nearly all cells, works with GLUT 42. Has smaller KM, so easier to have reaction.23. glucokinase/ hexokinase 41. In liver cells and pancreatic beta cells. Work with GLUT 22. Has a high Vmax, fast reaction.3. is he determinant of glucose phosphorylation.24. Glycolysis1. is the simplest glucose metabolic flux.2. is crucial for the regulation of glucose homeostasis.3. provides immediate energy4. is associated with many biological functions25. hexokinase/glucokinase1. catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose as the first step of glycolysis 26. 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase1. catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis (to generate frucose-1,6-phosphate)27. F-2,6-P2 (Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate)1. is the most powerful activator of 6PFK128. Acetyl-Coa-->OAA1. OAA (by pruvate carboxykinase)2. Pyruvate creates what for the TCA cycle?3. For gluconeogenesis?29. 6PFK2/FBP21. Phospholated during fasting2. Nutrients and hormones regulate glucose homeostasis via ____ and hepatic F-2,6-P2 levels.3. How is this (the blank) inactivated?30. Glucose increase1. induces the translocation of GK from nucleus to cytosol2. increase in GK activity = increase or decease in glycolsis?31. glucokinase1. Glucose (metabolism) promotes the expression of _____.32. Insulin1. the most powerful hormonal signal to regulate glycolysis.2. leads to activation of transcription factor(s) in liver.3. induces GLUT4 translocation 4. sustains the dephosphorylation of 6PFK233. Glucagon 1. A powerful hormonal2. signal to regulate glycolysis.3. induces the phosphorylation4. of 6PFK25. Decreases Frutose-2,6-bisphosphate, which leads to a decreases in glycolysis34. gluconeogenesis (GNG)1. provides glucose when sufficient carbohydrate is not available.2. is crucial for maintaining glucose homeostasis3. Glucose generated is necessary for the nervous system35. Under fasted conditions, the liver contributes to ~ ___% of total glucose production.1. 9036. Lactate/Pyruvate1. Carbon Source for GNG2. Glucose metabolites37. Oxaloacetate1. Carbon Source for GNG2. Product of glucogenic amino acids38. Glycerol1. Carbon Source for GNG2. Product of lipid hydrolysis39. GTP1. is formed in TCA cycle through substrate level phosphorylation40. Phosphoenolpyuvate caboxykinase (PEPCK) 1. is a key regulatory enzyme of GNG. Converts OAA to PEP using GTP for energy and releasing CO2.2. is at high abundance in the liver.41. Glucagon & epinephrine1. ____ and _____ stimulate the expression of PEPCK.42. Insulin1. inhibits the expression of PEPCK. glucose43. Reduction in the levels of _____ stimulates the expression of PEPCK.1. glucose44. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase1. Conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into2. fructose-6-phosphate is a rate-determining step of GNG.3. What is the enzyme? (is a key gluconeogenic enzyme)45. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate1. The most powerful inhibitor of Fructose-1,-6-bisphosphatase.46. Anaerobic conditions: Glycolysis yields only __ moles of ATP.1. 247. Aerobic conditions: Complete oxidation yields up to ___ moles of ATP.1. 3848. PDH (pyruvate dehydogenase)1. Important enzyme of matrix of he mitochondria49. pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex.1. Oxidation of Pyruvate:1. Generation of acetyl-CoA.2. Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA→ Acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO22.