Psy 200 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Bandura and the social cognitive theoryII. Modeling and reinforcementsIII. Bandura’s concept of self-efficacyIV. Social vs. cognitive approachesV. Piaget and cognitive developmentOutline of Current Lecture I. Bronfenbrenner’s nontraditional approach to human development and the PPCT model II. Characteristics of Bronfenbrenner’s five environmental systems and examplesCurrent LectureI. Bronfenbrenner’s nontraditional approach to human development and the PPCT model- Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) is known for introducing a nontraditional approach to human development. His approach is the ecology of human development where relationships between a person and the changing environment that person lives. His ecological approach is the development influenced by the five systems of relationships. - He created a PPCT model which is the ecological theory of human development with four components that influence human development. The ‘P’ stands for process which involves the interactions between the child/individual and the environment. The second ‘P’ stands for person which includes an individuals’ personal/biological characteristics. For example, a person changes the environment by being in it. The ‘C’ stands for context which is where the development involves four interrelated systems, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem. The letter ‘T’ stands for time with the developmentinvolving another system, this is known as a chronosystem. For example, development is impacted as time progresses. II. Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory of development- For the ecological approach of human development the approach is characterized by roles and norms and rules that shape psychological development. The approach highlights the interconnectedness of the influence on development. For example, the loss of a parent’s job can impact a child, but the child can also influence the parent. The approach also highlights the importance that culture has on development. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- The microsystem is the relation between the developing person and the immediate environment that contains that person. Influences could include homes, caregivers, friends and teachers. For example, the microsystem in which Sophia (age 11 years) lives includes her interactions with her parents, brothers, and sisters. School is also part of her microsystem, which includes her school interactions with her teachers and other students. - The mesosystem is a system of microsystems. It is the interrelations among the environment/settings that contains the developing person. Influences includes relations between home and school, school and work, etc. (interaction of two microsystems). For example, Sophia’s mesosystem includes the relationship between her parents and teacher. Her parents are actively involved in Sophia’s schooling by attending conferences and volunteering at the school. This influences Sophia’s development. - The exosystem is the extension of mesosystem and it embraces social structures.These structures do not contain the “developing person” but they do impact the settings of where the person is. Influences include societal institutions – local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media. Forexample, Sophia’s exosystem includes her parent’s workplace. Specifically, her mom is a banker and her dad is in the military. Sophia’s mom receives a promotion and her dad’s job requires them to move from city to city often. Theseevents have a direct impact on the family and Sophia. - The macrosystem includes microsystems, mesosystems and exosystems. It does not include specific contexts that affect one’s life, but rather to societal blueprints for one’s culture/subculture. Influences includes the society in general – types of governments, religious/political value systems. For example, Sophia’s macrosystem includes her culture. Education is taken very seriously where Sophia lives, therefore, this affects Sophia and her parents’ values they place on education. - The chronosystem underlies all previous systems. It encompasses change (or consistency) over time in the characteristics and environment within which an individual lives. Influences includes events such as historical changes. For example, Sophia’s chronosystem includes transitions in her life. Sophia’s parents get a divorce. In turn, this negatively affects Sophia’s behavior for some time untilthe family circumstances become more pleasant. - This model represents the ecological theory of