ii. 1950: Arabs cut transportation to Israel. Only way to get to it would be by air or see. They boycotted any place that did business with Israel. Egypt’s blockade of their coastal areas, Israel couldn’t use Suez Canal or Gulf of Aquaba for trade.iii. Israel increased their military efforts.V. V. Israel's Strategy to 1956a. Heavy-handed retaliation was a short-term repose. Long term:i. Build and army that could resist Arab attacks.ii. Develop military ties with western countries.b. Because their population was relatively small, they couldn’t keep a full army mobilized because that would cripple the economy. Small standing armies were supposed to take the first blow, and when the reserves could become mobilized, they would go help. The reserves were the bulk of the army.c. Under Israeli’s general, Moshe Dayan, IDF developed first strike doctrine (and reserve army). If an Arab attack seemed likely, they would go on the offensive and crush Arab’s morale early.d. Western military ties: America was a little iffy about this. With US, Israel was disappointed with the US because Eisenhower was less supportive; for the following reasons. 1) American Jews were democratic. 2) Republicans had ties to Arab oil. 3) Washington feared too close ties with Israel would antagonize Arab, and they wanted an ally with the SU for the Cold War. Also, stroke out with Europe. Until 1956, Britain too. They had ties to Arab oil too.i. Did success with West Germany. Provide generous economic aid, reparations for Holocaust. They didn’t help with weapons though.VII. VI. The 1956 Sinai Campaigna. Relation with France led Israel to some weapons.b. By mid-1956, Israel—France—Britain, all agreed that they wanted to humiliate Nasser, the Egyptian leader and they decided to invade Egypt.i. Israel: wanted to reopen gulf of Aquaba and wanted to stop raids from Gaza.ii. Britain: reverse nationalization of Suez Canaliii. France: wanted to stop his support of rebels.c. France and Britain went to go seize Canal. Hoped to stay until Nasser was gone altogether. This was a complete fiasco! US & SU were outraged because they didn’t follow international law. They forced Britain and France to leave Egypt before they accomplished anything. Nasser came out as a hero; he was lionized across Arab and third world at large!i. Israel was condemned along with England. However, Israeli’s did have something to be proud of from Sinai campaign. They were about to seize SU weapons and IDF was successful. For 10 years after 1956, France continued to supply Israel with arms.d. To get Israeli’s out of Egypt,i. Egypt agree to open Aquaba (Suez Canal stayed closed)ii. Nasser agreed to let UN military forces to stay in Gaza and Sinai to keep the peace and make sure Aquaba stayed open.iii. Egypt agreed to demilitarize Sinai Peninsula.e. Israel accomplishments: Reduced Israel’s fears of annihilation. Gave them more self-confidence. And seemed to secure their borders.VIII. VII. Israel's International Position to 1967IX. -1956 from building this achievement, Israel wanted to expand it’s democratic circle: close ties to democrats and LBJ. But by 1960’s focused attention on Europe and 3rd world countries.a. Europe: French help with weaponry and develop it’s own nuclear industry leading to nuclear bomb.b. West Germany: German banks invested heavily in Israel (from Holocaust)c. Germany leaders received forgiveness for the Nazis and formed close relationship with Ben Gurion. But Israel kidnapped Adolf Eichmann and flew him to Israel for trial where he explained the details of the Holocaust. Hearing this, 20,000 young German people volunteered to work in Israel.d. 3rd World: counter Arab claim that Israel is a place African and Asian countries should shun.i. Sub-Saharan Africa: many Jews felt strong ties to Africans because they had faced racism too and in turn, Israel supported the civil rights movement. By 1965, Israel had more industry in black Africa than any other country in the world.X. After 1949, Israelis and Arabs reinforced on another.a. Israel: reserve system, 1st strike capacity, helped the offense greatly. Felt more confident and less vulnerable.b. Arab: hostility became more intense after the Sinai offensive.XI. Terms:XII. fedayeen = self-sacrificersXIII. Gamal Abdel NasserXIV. David Ben-GurionXV. first-strike doctrineXVI. Moshe DayanXVII. Eilat (at northern tip of Gulf of Aqaba)XVIII. Straits of Tiran (at southern tip of Gulf of Aqaba)XIX. Gulf of AqabaXX. Sinai PeninsulaXXI. Adolf EichmannHistory 244 1st Edition Lecture 9Current LectureI. OverviewGeneral recap of last lecture. II. Possibility of Peace?Each side antagonized one another. Israel: deep fears and insecurities. 1954: 1/3 Israeli’s lived on property that had been taken from Palestinians…to give this up would cause economic failure. Palestine: invading Israel in 1948, showed their hostility. They were also unwilling to compromise, so they basically gave up territory. Arabs precipitated their own refugee crisis. Arabs should have to figure out their ownrefugee problem. III. Israeli Intransigencei. Egypt, Jordan, Syria would often turn their heads when the Palestinian guerilla groups attacked Israeli’s. Killed mostly civilians. 1949-1956. In some border areas many Israeli’s were scared to travel, day or night. Israelretaliated, often unevenly. Killed many women and children in Jordan, 38 Egyptian soldiers in Gaza—1955. This event brought about the new Egyptian leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser, who turned to the SU for help. Some say he precipitated the Israeli retaliation. Israel basically picked on the Syrians hoping they would back out of the fighting. Ben Gurion often talked about seizing Jordanian and other Arab state coasts to limit their resources and mobility. This is part of why Syria, Jordan, and Egypt didn’t want to be involved in Palestinian initiatives. Along with this…all Arabs states hostility towards Israel grew even more because of their attacks and this made the possibility of peaceeven more unreal. IV. Arab IntransigenceIf the Arab states agreed to make peace, Israel would have signed treaties that supported their demands. No Arab state agreed to this. Arabs felt that justice demanded not compensation, but full reparations.Arabs leaders were corrupt and weak. Rejection western political forms probably made their states and economies weaker. Meant that they needed to crush Israel because that was a true form of