Ugs 303 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last LectureI. ReverenceII. JusticeIII. QuestionsOutline of Current LectureI. What is Democracy?II. False DemocracyIII. What is Wrong with Our Democracy?IV. Representative SystemsV. The History of DemocracyVI. Closing QuestionCurrent LectureI. Democracy is a government “by the people, for the people.”A. In order to understand what this means, we have to know who “the people”are.II. Not everything that resembles democracy is democracy.A. For example, America tried to bring democracy to Iraq. Unfortunately, the Shiamajority simply overruled the Sunni minority. This is called “rule by majority”,and isn’t really democracy.B. Similarly, election is an aspect of democracy. But Saddam Hussein was elected.This was not a democracy.C. What makes a democracy is freedom — most importantly, freedom fromtyranny and freedom to have leaders who take turns leading.III. What’s wrong with our democracy?A. Woodruff asks the class if they feel that Congress represents them. Themajority say no. Some reasons for this include:1. Congressmen tend to be very wealthy2. Congressmen are too partisan3. Congressmen are only worried about keeping their jobs, and will never doanything controversial or risk rocking the boat4. Gerrymandering and closed primaries are unfairB. America has the second lowest social mobility among all industrialized nations(Britain is first). This means that the poor tend to remain poor.IV. In any government larger than a small town, representatives are a necessity. Hereare some types of representative systems:A. Lottery (sortition)1. Citizens are selected for office randomly. This is the most accurate way torepresent the citizen body.2. Athens used this method with their system of ten tribes from three regions.B. Election by party1. Parties elect a person they feel represents their views.2. The Greeks did not like this method because they noticed that only the richand well-connected tended to be elected.3. “Proportional representation”: if 30% of the citizens belong to Party A, 30%of the representatives will be of Party A.4. This system will inevitably create coalitions5. Does prevent gridlockC. Election by district1. Each area has a representative.2. This can be problematic, especially if it is a SMD (single-member district)system.a) This means that only one person represents an area. So if 51% of peoplein a district are Party A and 49% of people are Party B, therepresentative will be of Party A, meaning that 49% of the people willnot be represented.V. The History of DemocracyA. Very early in Athenian history, groups of adult men (armies usually) would meetto discuss ideas and make decisions. This was necessary because all membersof the army needed to be on the same page. Over time, this practice evolvedto become the Athenian Assembly.B. The most sacred right to the people in Athens was “parrhesia”: the right tospeak at Assembly.C. In 594 B.C.E., Solon replaced the Assembly with the rule of law.D. In 510 B.C.E., Athens was finally free from tyranny.E. In 462 B.C.E., Athens established the People’s Courts.1. The jury was large and selected the day of the trial to prevent bribery.2. Athens tried very hard to create a system of government that could not beinfluenced by money.F. In 411 B.C.E., the oligarchic “400” came into power.G. In 404 B.C.E., the “30 tyrants” came into power.1. They were installed by Sparta after Athens’ military defeat.2. They ruled for only 13 months before they were overthrown and democracywas restored.H. In 403 B.C.E., Athens began a series of reforms to give perks to aristocrats sothey would stop hating democracy so much.1. This worked.I. Democracy flourished in Athens for 188 years.J. It finally ended because of Alexander the Great.VI. Closing QuestionA. Why should a state that is democratic at home be tyrannical