PSY 211 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Current Lecture I. Attentiona. Selective AttentionII. Dichotic Listening and ShadowingIII. PrimingIV. Divided AttentionCurrent LectureAttentionThere are varieties of attention. When someone is awake they can be inattentive; when someone is drowsy, relaxed, or mind-wandering. Then there is attentive when someone is alert or goal-directed. Within attentive there is spatial attention, selecting (activating), and ignoring (monitoring). Also Complex (multitask) States which is dividing attention or switching someone’sattention to something else.The purpose of attention- To focus on some things while ignoring othero Selective Attentiono Filter Theories- To coordinate multiple tasks or goalso Divided attentiono Capacity Theories- To override habitual forms of thoughts and behaviorso Control vs. Automaticity- To locate objects in space (and bind their features)o Spatial attention o Object-based attentionSelective Attention is the ability to selectively attend to one source of information, while ignoring competing sources. Two important questions people ask about selective attention:1. How do we attend to one thing while ignoring all else?- Evidence that selection is often based on perceptual feature pf the attended information (location, voice, etc.).These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Evidence that selective attention enhanced the neural response to attended information.2. What happens to the information that we ignore.- Although people can often remember perceptual aspects ofunattended info (e.g.,music vs. voices), they remember verylittle of the semantic content (meaning) of that info.- • However, we do notice critical info (e.g., our name), and can be (unconsciously)primed by information we do not attend to. Dichotic listening and shadowingDichotic listening is when two different channels of information are being given, and being able to focus on the attended channel.- The purpose of shadowing is to guarantee that the pays full attention to the designated channel- Shadowing errors reveal factors affecting selectionWhat factors allow effective shadowing?- Physical differenced among competing sourceso Spatial location, auditory frequency, and intensity.What do people consciously hear (remember) from the unattended channel?- Very little- Moray (1959) same word said 30 times. No memory.- “You can shadowing now”. No one stops.These findings suggest that attention acts as a filter, allowing some things through, and stoppingothers.Broadbent’s (1958) Filter Model- Attentional selection based on physical/ perceptual characteristics of the incoming information- Called early selection model because selection occurs early before PR or Memory. Information that causes people to reorient their attention to other places is critical information; such as your name, and priming. Treisman’s (1964) Attenuator Model- Selection still based on physical char’s but not blocked, only attenuated.- Attenuated information can prime information on unattended channel.- Little analysis of mean if information does not capture attention.Unconscious Processing of Unattended Information- Corteen and Wood (1972)o Study 12 words for a later memory testo 3 words are city names each of which is accompanied by an electric shock.o Then given a shadowing task with studied words presented on the unattended channel.- Results (percent elevation in Skin Conductance Response):o New Words (Baseline): 8%o Old Non-City Words: 12%o Old City Names: 40% Repetition primingo New City Names 21% Semantic primingPrimingRepetition PrimingAn improvement in performance with a stimulus (increased speed, accuracy, or probability of output) due to that same stimulus being presented earlier.Semantic PrimingAn improvement in performance with a stimulus (increased speed, accuracy, or probability of output) due to a semantically (meaningfully) related stimulus being presented earlier. Negative PrimingA decrease in performance with a stimulus (decreased speed, accuracy, or probability of output) due to that stimulus being ignored of inhibited earlier. Negative priming is most consistent with late selection theory because it suggests that ignored stimuli are not just blocked but actively processed.Other forms that may be encountered in the cognitive psych literature included response priming, contextual priming, and motivational priming.Norman’s (1968) Late-Selection Model- All information is analyzed and gets into memory- Attentional selection occurs late, on the basis of meaning.- Attention is limited not in terms of “what gets in” but in terms of how to respond.Early Selection- Attentional filter occurs at early perceptual stage (information not attended to be processed for meaning). Late Selection- Attentional filter occurs after PR but before response selection (all information is processed for meaning; attention limits what we can be aware of or respond to). So is attentional selection early or late?- Neuro date clearly shows that early selection is possible..- Possibility of multiple filters operating atdifferent levels.o Johnson & Heinz (1978): People can filter early orlate, but late selection is more difficult & error-prone.- Instead of a filter, maybe attention is betterthought of as a resource (like fuel or money).o Kahneman's (1973) Capacity model of Attention.o Shift in emphasis: From focused selection of on channel or task to flexible coordination of multiplechannels, tasks, or goals.Divided AttentionDivided attention is that ability to split or share attention between two or more tasks (multitasking). Kahneman’s (1973) Capacity Model- Attention as theallocation of a limitedresource or capacity.- Capacity linked toarousal (dopamine?) and cognitive effort.- Three Issues:1. How can we measure capacity?2. Is capacity genera or task specific?3. Do some tasks use no