Chapters 9 and 11Respiration- requires oxygen1. Glycolysis- (talked about it last lecture too), glucose (6 carbon sugar) is split into two pyruvates (3 carbon molecule). a. Requires two ATPs to startb. In the cytosolc. Substrate level phosphorylation- when ATP donates a phosphate and also energy for a reactiond. Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP (net 2 ATP) and 2 pyruvatee. Regulation- feedback inhibition-> when there’s a lot of ATP that inhibits phosphofructokinase which starts glycolysis so if there’s a lot of ATP glycolysis can NOT start2. Pyruvate processing- pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoAa. Pyruvate moves into the MITOCHONDRIAb. Produces CO2 and NADHc. If there is not enough oxygen it can’t get oxidized instead it gets reduced and goesthrough fermentationd. Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon molecule, the pyruvates third carbon becomes waste producte. Process is facilitated by pyruvate dehydrogenase3. Citric acid cycle- also called Krebs cycle or tri-carboxylic acid cyclea. Eight small carboxylic acids R(radical, could be anything)-COOHi. R-COOH acids are in solutionii. Series of redox reactionsiii. Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2b. Produces 1FADH2 and 4NADH from FAD and NADc. Produces 1GTP (guanosine triphosphate, very similar to ATP and easily convertedto ATP)d. Produces 2CO2e. High levels of ATP and NADH inhibit the citric acid cycle- feedback inhibition4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Chemiosmosis- uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATPa. Electrons go down ETC release a small amount of energy and then have less and less potential energy as they get passed between molecules b. Series of redox reactionsc. NADH and FADH2 carry protons to the intermembrane space in a mitochondria so there is a high concentration and then spontaneous movement of protons away from each other (because same charges repel each other) is coupled with ATP synthase reactions to make ATPi. In the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, all the H+s make it very acidicii. Mitochondria have two membranes and this is between themiii. Coenzyme Q and cytochrome C transfer electrons between complexes inside the ETC, there are four complexes and they are just named Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV. wow so creativeiv. Coenzyme Q is highly lipid soluble and very hydrophobicd. http://cronodon.com/images/mitochondrion_diagram.jpg e. NADH has more potential energy than FADH2f. ATP synthase adds PO3 to ADP and makes it ATP- couples the movement of the hydrogen ions and this reaction is exergonic so the extra energy is used to add the PO3 to ATP g. one side (the blue one) of ATP synthase lets H+ ions out of the mitochondria and the red side binds PO3 to ATPh. ATP SYNTHASE http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Atp_synthase.PNGFermentation- no oxygen- Glucose forms pyruvate- Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)- Acetaldehyde is reduced to make ethanol- In yeast- Uses only NADH- NO FADH- In humans it happens a little bit but it only makes 2 ATP and it can’t last for very long. In humans it lactic acid fermentation, no ethanolWhen oxidizing fatty acids- forms acetyl co a directly no pyruvateFROM THE HOMEWORK SET #2Question 28 from the homework –about fermentationTRUE THINGS-- Production of ATP by substrate level- Pyruvate is reduced to form lactose in humans or ethanol in yeast- There is NO pyruvate processing- Fermentation is less efficient because- NAD+ gets regenerated to NADH so that in humans aerobic respiration can happen laterQuestion 30-- In a case study of death of an individual, the following was found: blood oxygen levels, glucose levels, and pyruvate levels were normal, NADH levels were higher than expected, and NAD+ levels were very low. Furthermore, the pH of the mitochondrial intermembrane space of this individual was much higher than normal. Which of the following is/are plausible hypotheses as to the cause of death in this case?- C. A poison blocked the electron transport chain, resulting in the inability to shuttle hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.- C is right because hydrogen ions aren’t being shuttled resulting in a low concentration of the in intermembrane space so HIGH pHChapter 11- cell to cell interaction, FOCUS ON SECTION 11.3Extracellular layer- made of cellulose and pectin in plants made of collagen and proteoglycan in animalsdistant cell communicationsignaling-> reception-> processing-> response-> deactivation -> khan academy