HW Problem Set #1: Chpts 1-6 Spring 2015 1. Which of the following is/are good example(s) of an hypothesis?A) Living organisms evolve by natural selection.B) Students in Bio 118 who engage more with the subject matter do better on exams.C) All organisms are made from cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.D) A rock is made of cells.E) B & D2. Which part of the cell theory is NOT supported by the appearance of the first living cells?A. The pattern component of the cell theory: All organisms are made of cells.B. The pattern component of the cell theory: All cells come from pre-existing cells.C. The process component of the cell theory: All organisms are made of cells.D. The process component of the cell theory: All cells come from pre-existing cells.E. None of the above (select E if none of the above are correct).3. In Louis Pasteur’s famous experiment to test whether cells arise spontaneously from non-living materials, or whether cells come from other cells, he used straight-necked flasks versus swan-necked flasks (see Figure below). Which of the following statements about this experiment is INACCURATE?A) The results of this famous experiment provide crucial evidence in support of the Cell Theory.B) In terms of the experimental design, the single most important reason to have flasks open to the air and not stoppered is to allow water vapor to escape while boiling.C) No cell growth in the swan-necked flasks REJECTS the ‘spontaneous generation’ hypothesis because otherwise cells were expected to grow.D) No cell growth in the swan-necked flask SUPPORTS the ‘cells come from other cells’ hypothesis, because the trap that was created by the swan-shaped neck resulted in no cells getting into the brothE) None of the above. This means, select Answer E if all four answers, A-D, are ACCURATE about this experiment, and none are INACCURATE4. What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding? A) In a covalent bond, the atoms have identical electronegativity; in an ionic bond, one of them is more electronegative. B) Covalent bonding involves only the outermost electron shell; ionic bonding also involves the next electron shell inside the outermost shell.C) In covalent bonding, both atoms end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one atom does and the other does not. D) In a covalent bond, the atoms share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one atom accepts electrons from the other. E) Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds form between atoms of different elements. 5. Most polar covalent bonds involve nitrogen or oxygen becauseA) nitrogen and oxygen are highly electronegative and they repel electrons.B) nitrogen and oxygen have low electronegativity and they attract electronsC) nitrogen and oxygen have low electronegativity and they repel electrons.D) nitrogen and oxygen are highly electronegative and they attract electrons.E) None of the above. This means, select E if none of the above accurately complete the sentence.6. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about the bond developed between atoms that form bonds with themselves (such as hydrogen gas,H2 ; or Oxygen gas, O2 )?A) electronegativity of the two atoms within such molecules are identical, hence sharing of electrons is equal. This results in the formation of a nonpolar covalent bond.B) electronegativity of the two atoms within such molecules are identical, hence sharing of electrons is equal. This results in the formation of a polar covalent bond.C) electronegativity of the two atoms within such molecules are different, hence sharing of electrons is unequal. This results in the formation of a nonpolar covalent bond.D) electronegativity of the two atoms within such molecules are different, hence sharing of electrons is unequal. This could result in the formation of a polar covalent bond.E) B & D. This means, select E if both answers B and D are TRUE.7. Which of the following statements about the chemical structure of water is TRUE?A)Water is a polar molecule because of its hydrogen bonds.B)The partial positive charge of water’s oxygen atom results in the bent form of the water molecule, and is involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules.C)Because of its polarity, water passes easily through lipid plasma membranes.D) Because hydrogen is less electronegative than oxygen, electrons spend less time near the hydrogen, resulting in a polar covalent bond forming between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.1E) All of the above. This means, select answer E if all of the above are TRUE.8. When electrons are shared equally between atoms, they form A. a polar covalent bond.B. a non-polar covalent bond.C. an ionic bond.D. a hydrogen bond.E. van der Waals forces.9. How do R groups of amino acids differ from one another?A)sizeB)shapeC)polarityD)reactivityE) All of the above. This means, select E if all of the above are ways in which they might differ.10. Which of the following is true of carbon?A. It forms only polar bonds.B. It forms only non-polar bonds.C. It can form both polar and non-polar bonds.D. It is highly electronegative.E. It can from a maximum of 3 covalent bonds with other elements. 11. When considering whether an amino acid falls into one of the three major groups non-polar, polar, or electrically charged, which of the following is accurate?A) You must look at the amino groupB) You must look at the carboxyl groupC) You must look at the side chainsD) You must look at the carbon backboneE) All of the above. This means, select E if all of the above are correct.12. Based on the molecular formulas provided below, and your knowledge of function groups (see figure), place the following molecules in descending order, starting with that which has the largest number of polar covalent bonds, to that having the least number of polar covalent bonds:1. acetic acid (C2H4O2)—carboxyl functional group2. amino acid glycine (C2H5NO2)—amino and carboxyl functional groups3. glycerol (C3H8O3)—hydroxyl functional group4. acetaldehyde (C2H4O)—carbonyl functional group5. ethanol (C2H6O)--hydroxyl functional group Some functional groups:A. 3, 2, 5, 4, 1B. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4C. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5D. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4E. 2, 3, 5, 1, 413. Which of the following molecules would you predict to have the largest number of polar covalent bonds based on their molecular formulas?A. C2H4O (acetaldehyde)B. C2H5NO2 (glycine)C.