Grade Buddy GEOG 104 1st Exam Exam 1 Study Guide Lecture 1 5 Lecture 1 Geography a word derived from the Greek words for Earth description is an ancient discipline that examines the spatial attributes of the Earth s surface and how they differ from one place to another Spatial Analysis a method of analyzing data that specifically includes information about the location of places and their defining characteristics Process naturally occurring series of events or reactions that can be measured and that result in predictable outcomes Systems Theory examination of interactions involving energy inputs and outputs that result in predictable outcomes Plane of Ecliptic invisible plane Aphelion Far from the sun Perihelion Earths Orbit Earth tilts that causes seasonal change Earth s radius 6 378 km half the earth Polar diameter 12 714 km Equatorial diameter 12 756 km Axial tilt and Earth Sun Geometry March 21st Spring in Northern hemisphere Autumn in Southern December 21st Winter in Northern hemisphere summer in Southern September 21st Autumn in Northern hemisphere Spring in Southern June 21st Summer in Northern hemisphere Winter in Southern Grade Buddy GEOG 104 1st Exam Sub Solar Point SSP directly where the sun hits Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Wave Length 10com 1mm 0 1mm 500nm 10nm 0 1nm Size Scale Hand Width Pin Head Human Hair Single Cells Molecules Atom 5 000K 30 000K 300 000 000K Laws of Electromagnetic Energy Temp goes up Intensity goes up Steffon Boltzmann laws Wien Displaced law Temp goes up wavelength goes down All bodies emit radiation Wavelength Distance between adjacent wave crests or wave troughs Wave Amplitude overall height of any given wave as measured from the wave trough to the wave crest Electromagnetic Spectrum radiant energy produced by the sun that is measured in progressive wavelengths Lecture 3 High Pressure System Anticyclones rotating column of air that descends towards the surface of Earth where it diverges Low Pressure System Cyclones rotating column of air where air converges at the surface and subsequently lifts Air pressure Altitude Internal stuff reorganized Ear popping Air pressure increases ex Shop vac trash bag 1kg column of atmosphere 1cm in cross section Pressure Cells Grade Buddy GEOG 104 1st Exam Low Pressure diverges at top High Pressure air comes down flows out top air comes together 2 ways they form Induction thermally induced surface temp cold hot Dynamically mechanically induced Unloading Loaded L Can t connect at top or bottom H Wind Lecture 4 Pressure Gradient Force difference in barometric pressure that exists between adjacent zones of low and high pressure that results in airflow Coriolis Force force created by the Earth s rotation that causes winds to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere Geostrophic Winds airflow that moves parallel to isobars because of the combined effect of the pressure gradient force and Coriolis force Factors related to wind Pressure Gradient Speed Direction gets air moving Coriolis Friction slow wind opposite effect than Coriolis Wind is named from direction it comes from Kansas Westerlies Northerlies Westerlies Southerlies Lecture 5 Easterlies Grade Buddy GEOG 104 1st Exam Valley Breeze upslope airflow that develops when mountain slopes heat up due to re radiation and conduction over the course of the day Mountain Breeze downslope airflow that develops when mountain slopes cool off at night and relatively low pressure exists in valleys Downwelling Current current that sinks to great depths within the ocean because water temperature drops and salinity increases Upwelling Current current that ascends to the surface of the ocean because water temperature increases and salinity decreases SST Sea Surface Temp Mountain Valley Winds Warm Rises Cold Downslope Wings Katobatic Winds persist no day night cycle chilled windy Downslope airflow that evolves when pools of cold air develop over ice caps and subsequently descend into valleys Water Properties Hydrogen bonding Cohesion and Adhesion Capillarity overcoming gravity Local Winds Day Return Flow Sea Breeze Night Return Flow Land Breeze Water mixes always moving States of water include Gaseous water vapor Solid ice Liquid water