BIOL 101 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown (Aerobic Respiration)GlycolysisOccurs in the CytoplasmProduces Pyruvate, NADH and ATPSubstrate Level PhosphorlyationTransition ReactionOccurs in the Mitochondrial MatrixProduces Acetyl-CoA, NADH and CO2Krebs Acid (Citric acid) CycleOccurs in the MatrixProduces CO2, NADH, FADH, and ATPSubstrate Level PhosphorylationElectron Transport Chain (System)Occurs in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Cristae)Protein Carriers/CytochromesProduces NAD+, FAD, H2O, and ATPOxidative PhosphorylationATP synthaseChemiosmosisH+ gradient drives ATP synthesisEnergy Yield and Efficiency Of Glucose Metabolism32 ATP Produced per Glucose MoleculeAbout 263 kcal transferred from Glucose to ATP (about 34% efficient)Remainder lost as heatRegulation of Aerobic RespirationFermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)Occurs in the CytoplasmGlycolysisPyruvate converted to lactate or alcoholEnergy Yield and Efficiency Of Anaerobic Glucose MetabolismAbout 14 kcal transferred from Glucose to ATP (about 2% efficient)Metabolic Pool and BiosynthesisCatabolismProteinFatsAnabolismThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Outline of Current Lecture PhotosynthesisOverall ReactionImportanceChloroplast StructureDouble MembraneThylakoid MembranesChlorophyllGranaStromaDNA, RibosomesRadiant Energy and Visible LightElectromagnetic SpectrumPigmentsChlorophyllAccessory PigmentsFunction of Chloroplasts in PhotosynthesisLight-Dependent ReactionsSolar Energy CaptureAntenna ComplexReaction CenterElectron TransferElectron Transfer SystemPhotosystem I and II ATP and NADPH ProductionATP FormationChemiosmosis/PhotophosphorylationCurrent LectureThe H that go through their concentration gradient via ATP synthase ultimately ends up on O. The H comes from carbs. Oxidative phosphorylationis using H ion gradient to make ATP. Substrate level phosphorylation is getting a phosphate from a phosphate rich molecule. When you don’t have enough O to go through cellular respiration, you go through anaerobic cellular respiration. Instead of going to the mitochondria the pyruvate stays in the cytosol and goes through fermentation. The cell does need NAD+ to do fermentation. The waste products are ethanol and lactate. At some point you out of NAH+ and you cannot move. NADH puts 2 H on 2 pyruvate and makes lactate. When you add 2 H to acetaldehyde you get ethanol, this is how you make alcohol. TIs glucose the only thing that goes through cellular respiration? No. We can use proteins (must be de-aminased to remove the amino group). Ammonia is the byproduct in the urine of the de-aminase. Cats make a lot of ammonia in their pee. We can use fats, which have twice as many Hthen glucose. Check out figure 9.16 for bookkeeping numbers. Oxidative phosphorylation makesthe most ATP. End of chapter 9.Chapter 10- photosynthesis Step1- light reactions- reverse cellular respiration. Convert sun energy and convert to ATP and NADPH. Step 2- the Calvin cycle- conversion of CO2 to sugarAll the Oxygen of our atmosphere comes from photosynthesis. All H come from water. Chloroplast is a double membrane organelle, engulfed a photosynthetic organelle. Photolysis is the splitting of water for energy. Releases O gas as a byproduct. The Calvin cycle takes CO2 and NADPH and makes sugar. Results in NADP+ and ADP. The green membrane is called a thylakoid and within them is the pigment called chlorophyll, a ringed molecule that has lots of room for electrons. Electrons get excited when they absorb protons and H. Electrons get snatched away by an electron negative molecule then the electrons get snatched away by the primary electron acceptor. The reaction center has the twomolecules plus the primary electron acceptor and stimulates the light reactions. Once 2 electrons leave, water fills in the electron hole. Look to figure 10.13. Cyclic photophosphorylation and non- cyclic photophosphorylation. Study figure 10.15. At the end of ATP synthase you make 18 ATP. Compare and contrast mitochondria to chloroplasts. Bacteria basically is a mitochondria but doesn’t necessarily have mitochondria/ chloroplast because they have no organelles. Draw out mitochondrial ATP production and chloroplast ATP