Geography Final1. 1st and 2ndcontradictionsof capitalismthe tendency of capitalism to eventuallyundermine:-the ECONOMIC conditions for it's ownperpetuation, through overproduction ofcommodities, reduction of wages ofworkers(who are also the consumers) e.t.c.--> 1st contradiction-the ENVIRONMENTAL conditions for it'sown perpetuation, like the degredation ofnatural resources and damage to workershealth-->2nd*these 2 things lead to resistance andpossible establishment of a new economy2. Agroforestry Combination of trees and agricultureEx. shade grown coffee vs. plantationgrown coffee ("sun grown coffee")3. Approaches tooFood Choices• risk perception→ we know it's bad butkeep consumingo negative consequences unsure and in thefuture, so actions aren't taken• access to food→ no real choices in whatwe consume → "food desert" (low incomeneighborhoods more likely to have fast foodand less grocery stores)• political economy→ uneven distribution ofhealthy food in space• marketing→ accumulation and spatial fix4. Arguments forand againstGMO'sFOR= 1. Eliminating famine2. Health arguments (higher nutritionlevels, more resistance too pests &deceases) 3. Environmental arguments(less pesticide use and soil erosion)AGAINST: 1.Ecocentric ethics(degradingthe intrinsic value of nature) 2. Humanhealth and safety(unknown effects) 3.Ecosystem health:less biodiversity, harmfulto other organisms 4. Lack off access tointellectual property 5. too much cooperatecontrol, may cause less biodiversity5. Barriers to andproblems ofREDD+implementationBaseline data difficultPermanence/time scaleAdditionalityPerverse incentivesLeakageDoesn't address underlying driver ofdeforestation6. bottled waterand itsenvironmentalcostsEvery water bottle consumed propels carboninto the atmosphereTransportation of the product adds to thecarbon cycleLife cycle of a water bottle typical ends up ina landfill7. bottled waterand itsenvironmentalcosts-Every water bottle consumed propels carboninto the atmosphere-Overproduction of plastic water bottles8. Capitalism(what is it?)when commodities, goods, and services areowned by private owners for profit. (nolonger owned communally or by the state)9. ChipkomovementIndian region of Uttaranchal in 1970sLocal villagers wrapped themselves aroundtrees marked for destructionPaved the way for more widespread politicalaction curbing contractor and state abusesof traditional community lands10. climaxvegetationThe theoretical assemblage of plants arisingfrom succession over time, determined byclimatic and soil conditions11. ColumbianExchange,history ofpotatoThe movement of species across the AtlanticOcean, from the New World to the OldWorld and vice versa, resulting in ecologicaltransformationsPOTATOE= south America → Ireland→north America (by missionaries to makenative americans settle into agriculture andultimately become christians)12. conservationtillageLess soil erosion (argument for GMO's)13. Crisis (whatcauses it?)crisis is caused in the capitalist systembecause:-undermining and damaging the economicor environmental conditions (contradictionsof capitalism)-overproduction and underconsumption14. Differenttypes ofscarcityhydrological, techno-economic, perceptual15. Discourse A root, written and spoken communication;thicker deployments of the termacknowledge that statements and texts arenot mere representations of the materialworld, but rather power-embeddedconstructions that make the world we live in16. disturbance An event or shock that disrupts anecological system, thereafter leading torecovery of that system or movement of thesystem into a new stateGeography FinalStudy online at quizlet.com/_jaxsx17. EnclosuremovementEnclosure Law of England privatizedcommunal areas and forests and thereforepushed many independent shareholders offthe landEssential building block of capitalismbecause it not only allowed a select group ofpeople to own and control the means andconditions of production, but it also tookaway the ability for people to feedthemselves independently18. EnvironmentalKuznets curveBased in the theory that income inequalitywill increase during economic developmentand decrease after reaching a state of overallaffluence, this theory predicts thatenvironmental impacts rise duringdevelopment, only to fall after the economymatures19. Ethnobotany(Movie:Shaman'sApprentice)A documentary about tribes in the amazon,who have become complex chemists tosurvive. They utilize plants in every part oftheir life. The shaman is the spirutual leaderwith the chemist knowledge, and they are indanger of extinction. -scientific study of the relationship betweencultures and plants20. examples ofenvironmentaldiscourse-national parks seen as more "natural" thenfarms-wolves seen as a representation ofwilderness while dogs, cats, koallas,pandas are not21. ForrestTransitionTheoryA model that predicts a period ofdeforestation in a region duringdevelopment, when the forest is a resourceor the land is cleared for agriculture,followed by a return of forest when theeconomy changes and the populationmigrates and/or becomes conservation-orientated22. FrederickClementsAmerican plant ecologist who studiedvegetation succession23. GreenRevolutiona large increase in crop production indeveloping countries achieved by the use offertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield cropvarieties.24. How capitaltries toovercomecrisisplanned obsolescence, spatial fix,outsourcing, disciplining labor25. How do theapproachesapply toCO2?-Institution and the Commons approach wouldstress achieving international cooperationthrough careful comprimise and rules to solvethe problem.-Markets and Commodities approach stressesthat we should use green consumption andtransferrable rights and policies.-Political Economy approach would say that theinherent limits and problems to carbonreduction solutions such as redd+ show that theproblem is ultimately rooted in the economyitself.26. How do theapproachesapply toFrenchFries?-A Risk approach would stress the effect offrench fries on the human body with the way itis produced now. What we put in our bodiesdepends on the negative consequences weassosiate with certain foods. Theseassociations are influenced by society and theprofuduction of scientific knowledge.-Political economy approach says that frenchfries are an example of how food choice is notalways an an individual choice. It is influnecedby a broader political economic process thatdictates the production and consumption offoods.-an ethics