UGC 112 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Current Lecture I. Nations and Empires: Internal and External ChallengesII. Major Themesa.Relevance to TodayIII.Basic Principles for Empires: Four Main Pointsa.Preconditionsb.What Brings Success?c.What are the Rewards?d.Why Do Empires Fail?IV.Ottoman and Romanov ProblemsV.‘John Company’: ConsequencesVI.Challenges to Qing DynastyVII.Taiping: Rebellion or RevolutionCurrent LectureNations and Empires, 1:Internal and External ChallengesNations are seen as entities that are relatively coherent; they may likely have a dominant religion, have asense of values and culture that is propagated through education system and is prominent. Nations themselves COHERE.Empires are much more varied; they may have several nations within them—different languages, ideologies, cultures, and religions. Deal with conflict and tension between nations and empires.In the last couple days we have seen the annexation of a part of a foreign empire….Keep in mind contemporary empires current newsCivil wars often happen inside nations and empiresMajor ThemesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Atlantic revolutions and Afro-Eurasian societieso Impact on societies throughout Africa and Eurasia were huge: ottoman, Russian Empires- ‘Radical Alternative movements’—efforts to reorganize a total social and political vision…a set of ideas that may not have been used in the past brought in for new attention. - The Taiping Revolution—was it a rebellion or a revolution. Great kingdom of Heavenly Peace. Relevance to today:- Change spreads from diverse centers: change can start anywhere, ideas spread. Today they spread with the speed of light.- Importance of ‘charismatic’ individuals—have relevance at certain pivotal points in history- ‘Modernization’: hard and soft. It is a loaded term; what is considered modern changes every year. “Hard” Modernization is imposed from the top. This idea was seen with Peter the Great. The “soft” modernization comes from the low…diffuses gradually and percolates through. It is not rammed down people’s throats.One of the more important minority languages in China: Tashi Delek Tibetan Buddhism as their religionThe issue here is how should we as people in this country understand Tibet and its society?Basic Principles for Empires:Four Major Points Preconditions: Empires do not suddenly come about. Something in the air that makes them possible is the precondition.Examples of preconditions:1. Large population, leader, toleration (willingness to accept different cultures), rebellion (overturning minority)2. Government, administration that can tax and spend and set up a military3. Farming (run out eventually of food and resources if you are just borrowing from others)4. Variety of different climate zonesWhat Brings Success?Conquest—can bring in new resources and increase population.Ideology—charismatic individual may be able to formulate ideas into appealing set of ideas. Ex: Muhammad or Jesus’ followers, using parables and sayings converted into Quran and Bible…MilitarismWhat are the Rewards?- Conquest can immediately bring in new resources. Spain in particular profited from gold and silver that came from the new World. This bouillon had negative impact on China, got caught up in warNazis were incredibly popular until 1942 about and Germany almost won WWII. Hitler was seen as a charismatic and powerful individual who would restore Germany. Economic rewards—conquest of the new world - Population increase—numbers countWhy do Empires Fail?(POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTION FOR EXAM 2)- Changing ideology—they may not fit different circumstances. If an ideology is linked to an individual - Overreach—beyond the limits of practical enforcement- Famine- Deflation - Inflation (more likely than deflation)- Natural Disasters Ottoman and Romanov Problems- “Soft” and “Hard” approaches—Soft—gradual change working with and through people, spread of ideas and technologies that are useful and of interest to wide numbersHard—imposed on people. Example: US invaded Iraq because they thought there were weapons of mass destruction. Trying to bring democracy to Iraq.- Muhammad Ali of Egypt: Modernization from Above—he was from the Ottoman Empire. 1805-1848 he was a man of great importance. In the beginning, Napoleon’s army was spreading acrossEurope and Europe was caught up in liberal democratic revolutions that failed. Ali was in Egypt and he looked outside Egyptian history and was looking for a different model. He chose FRANCE for change.o Egyptian economy depended on EXPORTS. Muhammad led from above (“Hard”)- Inherent problems for Romanovs—Russian Empire. There were many peasants and people were deeply rooted in their conservative ways. Peasants of Egypt were caught up in their cycle, determined by the Nile flooding. Difference, Europe was much more powerful than any individual part of Ottoman Empire. 18,000 soldiers… Russia did build huge armies. Soviet Union today relies heavily on conscriptiono Gradual reform or unseated by revolution? Eventually the latter‘John Company’: ConsequencesGeographic Area: INDIA. 1867, 1805, 18571602 Date of Acquisition: British East India Company was set up by Queen Elizabeth I. Chartered company with a major purpose—to make money. Start out in the ports: The British flu spread and took over so much of southern India. Queen Victoria became the Empress Victoria in 1858. India was the crowned jewelChallenges to Qing DynastyThe Qing was the last of the ruling dynasties of China; go back from the time frame of roughly 220 to October 10, 1911 (referred to as “double ten”)- Over-expansion? —Tibet, Taiwan, Western Mongols in Inner Mongolia, Southern Siberia with expanding Russian Empire. Always moving towards the PacificUighurs—a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central AsiaNew Borderlands- Minority control—who was ruling? The Qing came from outside of China. They were Manchus; they did not speak Chinese, used a separate language and script. The minority said to the majority, okay you are going to differentiate yourself in the following way: shave heads except for a knot in the back of your head.o Manchus were at most 2% of population and ruled over the whole country- Poppy—oozes sap when