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U-M BIOLCHEM 415 - Glycolysis
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BIOLCHEM 415 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Metabolism is composed on many interconnected reactionsII. ATP is the universal cellular currency of free energyIII. Oxidation of Carbon fuel is important to cellular energyIV. Metabolic pathways contain many recurring motifsV. Regulation of Metabolic pathwaysOutline of Current Lecture VI. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts sugars into pyruvateVII. Glycolysis occurs in two stages and produces ATPVIII. NADH needs to be replenished for continual glycolysisCurrent LectureGlycolysis and Respiration- glycolysis (2 steps)- occurs anaerobically in cytoplasm- metabolizing sugars to pyruvate- only a small percentage of energy from glucose- more derived from pyruvate in mitochondria aerobically- why glucose?- can be created in prebiotic conditions- stable molecule- isn’t susceptible to chemical oxidationGlycolysis- turns a 6-carbon sugar into 2 3-carbon pyruvatesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- 2 stages- 1st stage- energy used to trap glucose in cell- cleaves 6-C to 3-C intermediates- Hexokinase traps glucose in cell (uses ATP)- phosphorylation keeps glucose from leaving- glucose 6-phosphate- induced fit enzyme- glucose changes its conformation- excludes H2O and keeps ATP hydrolysis at minimum- glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate- isomerization- 2 reactions - 1st (phosphoglucose isomerase) is reversible- 2nd phosphorylation irreversible- uses 2 ATP- cleave of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate  2 3-C- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP)- 2nd stage- creates ATP- reduces NAD+  NADH- GAP can also be processed into pyruvate to yield ATP- DHAP can’t- oxidation powers from high energy phosphate bond- GAP occurs in 2 steps 1) exergonic oxidation of C1 in GAP to acid2) endergonic form of 1,3BPG from acid- these reactions are internally coupled by thioester intermediate- ATP formed by phosphoryl transfer- substrate level phosphorylation powered by phosphoglycerate kinase- another done using 3- phosphoglycerate- 3-phosphoglycerate turned into 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase- followed by dehydration reaction- results in unstable enol phosphate- yields ATP and pyruvate- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)- PEP  pyruvate (enol)  pyruvate- high phosphoryl transfer potential because unstable enol (phophoryl groups)- ATP created when forming more stable ketone- Glucose + 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2NAD+  2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O- overall 2 ATP used and 4 ATP created- glycolysis not most efficient use of glucose- it only yields 2 ATP and glucose can yield anywhere from 32-36 ATP overall- NADH needs to be regenerated for glycolysis to continue- oxidation of pyruvate to CO2- reduction of H2O- fermentation- e- transferred from one organic material to another- ex: lactic acidLactic acid formed when limited O2- anaerobically- ex: in muscles when exercisingAlcohol fermentation- ethanol produced - yeast and microorganisms use thisGalactose and fructose can enter glycolysisGalactosemia- conversion of galactose  glucose is impaired- failure to thrive, jaundice, liver enlargement- ex: cataracts- accumulation of galactose in lensWarburg Effect- growth advantage to tumors- aggressive tumors produce lactic acid (anaerobic respiration)- decreased pH inhibits tumor immune response- glucose-6 phosphate different pathways- low O2 conditions  blood vessel proliferation- can be visualized with PET scanning- anaerobic need more


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U-M BIOLCHEM 415 - Glycolysis

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