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UA SWES 210 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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Envs 210 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 - Examples of renewable resources= sunlight, wind, waves, geothermal heat- Examples of non renewable resources= crude oil, natural gas, coal, copper, aluminum, andother metals- Hectare: Metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square meters (100m by 100m, .01 square kilometers), and primarily used in the measurement of land (~2.5 acres)- Ecological footprint= measures how much land and area we use and absorb the waste we generateo US ecological footprint= 8o Ecological debiter= where the footprint is greater than the biocapacity, leaving you with the difference of a negative number (ex: 17% of worlds population consumes 80% of resources= not ecologically efficient)o Worlds biocapacity is decreasing, global consumption is unevenly distributed (extremely unefficient)Lecture 2 Tragedy of the commons- Easter islando Inhabited by Polynesian people 300 AD or 1200ADo Dutch sailors discover it on april 5th, 1722o Statues moved inland in “family groups” - Differences between 4th and 5th edition textso 4th edition= resource depletion through forests depletion (evidence of low pollen levels and sediment erosion + runoff) and used these trees as rollers to roll statues to specific locations. Said statues were rolled to positions on islands.o 5th edition= found island inhabited a lot later than thought (1200AD) due to new carbondating, and found that rats ate all the palm nuts that arrived on boats with the people. Trees were then unable to pollinate and reproduce as a result. Said statues “walked” using man power to positions on island.- Tragedy of the commons= free access to resources for the public which often results in over use and overexploitation (“tradgedy”)Lecture 3Earth’s physical systems (matter, energy, and geology), fuckushima and nuclearchemistry- Nuclear energy= energy that hold protons and neutrons together withing the nucleus= “weak force”- Nuclear fission= splitting apart of U-235 nuclei with slow neutrons. Produces fragments, neutrons and energy. This energy is used to heater water to steam and is then used to spin turbines and generate energy- 20% of energy comes from nuclear energy- isotopes= atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons- mass number= the combined number of protons and neutronso atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged ions- isotopes=radioactiveo radioactive isotopes decay until no longer radioactive and stable isotopes. They emit high energy radiation (alpha , beta, and gamma particles)- half life= amount of time it takes for one-half of the atoms to give off radiation and decayo different radioisotopes have different half lives ranging from fractions of a secondto billions of years. U-235 half life= 700 million years- radioactive elements released from fukushima= salts (Cs) which are good indicators for ocean transport. Track Cs 137 (half life= 2 years) and Cs 134 (half life=30 years)Lecture 4Species interactions and community ecology- biosphere= sum total of living things on earth- ecosystem= consists of community- community= assembladge of populations of organisms living in the same place at the same time. Members therefore interact with eachother, and these interactions determine the structure, function, and species composition of the community- population=group of individuals of a species in a specific area- organism= individual living thing- tropic levels= rank in the feeding heirarcho producers (autotrophs)primary consumers secondary consumers deterivors and decomposers- food chain= series of feeding relationships- food web= visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow. Includes many different organisms at various tropic levels and is greatly simplified (leaves out species)- keystone species= has a strong wide-reaching impact in a community. Removal of these species causes a ripple effect in community and alters food chaino removal of sea otters= caused the population of sea urchins to rapidly grow, therefore diminishing kelp forests which are valuable ecosystems to earth(homes/ protection for animals, protects land by decreasing tropical storm strengths, allows massive amounts of photosynthesis)o wovles in Yellowstone national park= cased a tropic cascade (predators at high tropic levels indirectly affected populations at low tropic levels. These wolves kept intermediate tropic levels at check. Their removal caused increased population in elk which resulted in overgrazed vegetation and surface erosion (sediment runoff) into valuable water resources. Trees unable to reproduce fast enough.Lecture 5Invasive species- invasive species=non native organism that spread widely and becomes dominant in a community. Introduced deliberately or accidentally and hasmajor ecological effectso ex= chestnut blight from asia wiped out American chestnut trees, European honey bees (positive effect in America).o Zebra mussles= introduced to great lakes via ballast water. Caused million dollars in damage to pipes (microscopic larvae) and eat phytoplankton (valuable food resource to fish). They shifted the nuetrient balance to the lake bottom= benefit bottom feedersLecture 6Human population- 7 billion humans currently on earth, rapid population growth based on regionally and economical rates. In 1800, we reached a population of 1 billion. Next billion not added until 1930. Most recent billion added in the past 12 years- exponential population growth= j-shaped curve. Population increase by a fixed percent (doubling rate). Occurs in nature with a small population, low competition, and ideal conditions. Cannot be sustained indefinitely, occurs until carrying capacity reached- carrying capacity= the max pop. Size of a species that its environment cansustain.- Limiting factors= s shaped curve. factors include water, food, space, predators, and disease- Natural rate of population growth= Crude birth rate- crude death rate.change in population size/1000/year. Population change due to internal factors- Population growth rate= (crude birth rate + immigration rate)- (crude death rate+emigration rate)- Current us population= 315 people. If the growth rate is .7%, how many people will we add to the US population this year?o (.007 x 315=2,205,000)= 2.2 million added to us population this year- replacement factor= 2 children per family to stabilize population growth- population in Bangladesh= slowly decreasing due to increased awarness in family


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