PSY 231 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Important things to know from the movie Conception to Birtha. Sarah and Arnanib. Debby and Dannyc. Jackie and husbandd. Tanisha and DarrylOutline of Current Lecture I. Body GrowthII. Skeletal GrowthIII. The NeuronIV. Brain DevelopmentV. Deprivation Studies and EnrichmentVI. Influences on Early Physical GrowthVII. Motor DevelopmentVIII. Perceptual DevelopmentCurrent LectureI. Body Growtha. Infancy and toddlerhood = from birth to age twob. Growth is intense during the first two yearsi. At 5 months, birth weight is doubledii. At 1 year, birth weight is triplediii. At 2 years, birth weight is quadruplediv. Individual differences given in percentilesc. Body fat increases, and then slims downi. Fat helps with temperature regulationii. Peak of fat occurs at 9 months of age1. Why slim down?2. Baby becomes more active with crawling and eventually walkingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Trendsi. Cephalocaudal trend1. How development goes in a downward progression from head to feet2. Example, face develops before the feet in the wombii. Proximodistal trend1. Inside out progression2. Examples, children can roll before they can write their name3. Gross motor movement first and then fine motor movement laterII. Skeletal Growtha. In the womb, skeleton is cartilagei. More pliableii. Head can be squished to come out of the birth canal, as well as other body parts during birthb. Gradually hardens into bone throughout childhood and adolescence c. Epiphysesi. Ends of the bones that release cartilage and lengthen the boneii. When they’re dried up, no more growth can occuriii. Indicates skeletal age  can see how much growth is left in the epiphysesd. Skull growthi. Has pliable sections at firstii. Soft spots are sensitive to damage1. Fontanels- will slowly shrink and gradually fill in with hardened bonea. Process doesn’t end until adolescence e. Growth chart predicts things like height and weight, but exceptions arei. Genitalsii. Lymph glandsiii. Brainf. Teethi. Some babies are born with teeth  called nursing teeth1. Will fall out and grow actual baby teethii. Majority won’t get first tooth until a few months old1. Caucasian babies = 6 months2. African American babies = 4 monthsiii. By 2nd birthday, most kids will have 20 teethiv. Can tell age by counting number of teeth they have and then add six1. 3 teeth = 9 months2. 1 tooth = 6 monthsv. Important to take care of their mouths even before teeth come in1. Do not use adult toothpaste because it has fluorideIII. The Neurona. Many experiences are building connections for the babyi. Appropriate connections need to be madeb. “Use it or lost it” theoryi. Start with a bazillion neurons, and many die outc. Myelin sheath- causes action of neuron to happen quicker and message is communicated fasteri. Myelination starts as babiesii. Fatty deposits on neurons that allow for a more efficient braind. Neurons communicate through neurotransmitters through synapses (spaces)e. Synaptic pruningi. Neuronal death where communication/stimulation is not thereii. We want to enrich the environment with appropriate stimulation1. Read books, snuggle, play with toys2. Nothing too overwhelmingIV. Brain Developmenta. 100 – 200 billion neuronsb. Two hemispheresi. Lateralization- different parts of the brain for different thingsii. Wider array of functioning, and more efficientiii. Left hemisphere1. Verbal abilities2. Spoken/written language3. Positive emotions4. Right-handedness dominatediv. Right hemisphere1. Spatial abilities2. Negative emotions3. Language abilities may be here is individual is left-handedc. Plasticityi. Allows lateralization to occurii. Ability to changeiii. If damage occurs, recovery is possible1. Better at younger agesiv. Malleablev. Can recover from negative experiences so they do not affect later lifeV. Deprivation Studies and Enrichmenta. When a child is in the appropriate environment an experience appropriate stimulation, it causes a child to reach developmental stages sooneri. Study with rats1. Rats with only water and food experiences less developmental progress than rats who had wheels, toys, etc. in addition to food and waterii. Orphanages 1. More kids, and fewer adults = inconsistent stimulation2. Dramatic differences in developmentb. Sensitive periods i. Previously known as critical periods, but there is more known wiggle roomii. Timing of development with heightened response to appropriate stimulation1. Specific times occur for visual and auditory stimulation and language developmentc. Institutionalized children1. The earlier they are out, the better their outcomes are2. Out before age 2 = typical development/recovery3. Any later, there are lasting cognitive and emotional effects4. Age 10 = big lasting effectsd. Overwhelmed by stimulationi. Can happen in typical families as well as children who have been taken out of bad situationsii. Study  if parents can recognize if their child is overwhelmed1. Baby would cry, close eyes, move away if over stimulated2. Babies are stimulated differentlyiii. Interventions may be too muchiv. Screen time before age 2 is extremely inappropriate 1. More overwhelming than anything and super captivatinga. Babies will be fixated on it2. Parents often don’t listen to suggestion because it gives them a break since children sit still and pay attention to itVI. Influences on Early Physical Growtha. Heredityi. Twin and adoption studies1. Monozygotic twins will be more aligned with height and weight than dizygotic twins2. Wight and height are more associated with birth parents3. High influence on geneticsb. Nutritioni. Breastfeeding meets nutritional needs best1. Antibodies, nutrients, etc.ii. Formula is okay if mom can’t breastfeed1. Fills up baby more, so they sleep longer2. No growth differences between formula and breast feedingiii. More moms breastfeed now because of benefits1. Societal adaptationsa. Breaks during workb. Private rooms in public environments2. WHO recommends babies are breastfed for 2 years, and solid foodbe introduced at 6 months3. US Health and Human Services recommends babies are breastfed for 1 year, and solid foods be introduced at 6 months4. Most babies will cut down on need for breast milk at 1 year because solid food fills them up moreVII. Motor Developmenta. Progresses in a predictable way