HIST 150C3 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 8Reconstruction: Society and Politics after the Civil WarPolitics of Reconstruction-White southerners were democrats10% Plan, 1863Once 10% of southern whites in the South took an oath of loyalty to the US they could then forma free government and send representatives to the US congressRadical RepublicansMinority in early 1860’s as Civil War was coming to a close. Favored a much harsher reconstruction. They believed the South broke the law and as a result there should be some sort of punishment for them. Lincoln and radicals did not see eye to eye in terms of reconstruction. Wade-Davis Bill, 1864-Written by radical republicans1. States must ratify the 13th amendment (abolishing slavery)2. 50% of voters had to take an “ironclad” oath of loyalty-Lincoln vetoed the bill because he thought it was too harshFreedom’s BureauFormed in the years right after the Civil War. Gave aid to the former slaves.John Wilkes BoothAssassinator of Lincoln on April 14, 1865Andrew JohnsonLincoln’s successorFrom Tennessee, but had a general dislike for wealthy and large slave holdersBlamed wealthy slave owners for Civil WarLess giving to political compromiseBelonged to a poor white family in Tennessee and detested wealthy slave ownersMore sympathetic to Southern rebelsWorked to end the policy of redistributing land in coastal GeorgiaWorked to promote political amnestyIf he pardoned former confederates this would be sufficient in reorganizing the south. Civil Rights Act of 1866Promote political equality. Sought to ensure legal protections for former slaves. Johnson veto’s this act. Black codesSought to reintroduce slave codes. Barred African Americans from carrying firearms, gathering inpublic, reinstituted slavery. 14th AmendmentBlack people are citizens of the U.S. No one can deprive a citizen of “life, liberty, or Property” without due processAllows African Americans to use courts and other legal mechanisms to protect their rightsEvery citizen has equal protection under the lawActing in favor of political equality, however this is different than social equality. Social equality is not something that the 14th amendment seeks to protect.Social equality=euphemism to refer to interracial sexTo regain admission to the union you have to ratify the 14th amendment. The only state to ratify the 14th amendment was Tennessee, so Tennessee is the only state that will be readmitted to the Union.Reconstruction Acts, 18671867-1872: Radical Reconstruction. Radical Republicans take charge. 1. Divide the former confederacy in to 5 military districts.2. Congressional approval of new state constitutions3. Former Confederacy must give voting rights to ALL men4. Must ratify the 14th amendment ReconstructionTenure of Office Act (1867)-Passed this because it has a greater oversight of the executive office. Stated that the president couldn’t remove anyone from his cabinet without congressional approval-House of Representatives impeach Johnson because he violated this act-Johnson opposed radical republicans views-Johnson falls 1 vote short of being impeached-Over the next 10 months, Johnson allowed the radical republicans to do as they please. Black elected officials-Hiram Revels, Josiah Walls, Jefferson Long-Spearheading education in the south. P.B.S Pinchback: governor of Louisiana. The Ku Klux Klan, 1866-1871-Violent arm of the Democratic party in the South-Major goal: restore political status of southern democrats-Restore white male supremacy, did this through violence (murder/rape)-Targeted white republicans and any man who opposed the klan-First emerged in Tennessee. Klans broke into a rally and killed over 200 people-2,000 people die in Louisiana due to Klan violence. Burned down a church.Nathan Bedford Forrest-One of the first leaders of the KKK-Chosen because he worked for a railroad so he could spread word of the KKK throughout the south-1868, Klan emerged as a terriorist organization. Responding to the rise of radical republicans. Ulysses S. Grant-Ideal candidate for republicans-Helped win the war for the union-Signaled a gradual decline of radical republican support, he was more of a moderate-Had a lot of support from businessman and conservatives within republican party. Horatio Seymour-Democratic candidate who ran against Grant-Candidate of last resort, not a lot of favor even within his party-Democrats ran on a white supremacy-Opposed reconstruction-Thought republicans surrendered the south to men who were incompetent to run. Francis BlairVice presidential candidate, running mate of Grant. Union League-Responsible for educating black men about political office and making them aware of the civic landscape-African American led organization, a lot of white republic allies involved too. Had to face klan violence. 15th Amendment (1870)Officially established the right of all men to vote. Ku Klux Klan Act, 1871-Feds allowed to send troops into area where klan acts concentrated-Klan loses support-Intended to protect African Americans from Klan’s violence.Rifle Clubs-Led by former Klan members-Used violence and other types of intimidation to support southern Democratic Party-They knew if there was too much violence that it would attract federal attention-Relied on spontaneous acts of violence-Blacks formed state militias to fight back.Election of 1876Hayes vs. Tilden. Tie. Desire for reconciliation. Both parties sent members of their parties to negotiate this election. Compromise of 1877-Effort to promote political reconciliation-Hayes becomes president-Federal troops removed from the former Confederacy-Appointment of a Southern Democrat to the cabinet-RedemptionTranscontinental RailroadTexasPacific. Helped transport of goods such as cotton.Railroads and MigrationTranscontinental Railroad:Pacific Railroad Act-stretched from midwest to west coast-congress passed this legistlation in 1862-it authorized two companies to build the railroad-the Union Pacific Railroad Company, which began in Omaha, Nebraska-the Central Pacific Railroad Company, which began in Sacramento, CA-each company received 6,400 acres of public lands for every 40 miles of track it laid-these companies also received government loans ranging from $16,000-$48,000 per miles of track completed.-by completing of the railroad, the two companies received a total of 155,000,000 acres of public landUnion Pacific-began in Omaha, Nebraska-workers=mainly Irish immigrants-mainly male