Exam 1 Study Guide Experiments - Independent and dependent variables, advantages and disadvantages of experimental studiesCorrelations – what can they tell us and what can’t they tell us; positive, negative and none, advantages and disadvantages to correlational studiesCase studies – what are these, advantages and disadvantagesCross-sectional v. Longitudinal research – what is the difference? What can each method tell us? What can they not tell us?Behaviorism v. Psychoanalytic v. Cognitive theories of development– what is the focus of each. Nature-nurture controversy – what is it and what do researchers think now Chormosomes – what are they, how many do we have, what are the sex chromosomes, what are genesAdditive genesDominant v. recessivegenotype v. phenotypeTypes of twins, what are they, how do they differ, which is more common, what factors increase the likelihood of having twins, why are twin studies of interest in developmental research?Prenatal development – what are the three periods we talked about and what important things happen in each stage. How many make it at each stage (percentage-wise)? How many make it all the way? What is the hazardous journey?What is the age of viability? What does it mean?APGAR what is it and what is it s purposePre-term birth – causes and risk factors – see March of Dimes web link for more detailsBrain development – what happens in the first 2 years and how does the rate of brain development compare with physical development of the bodyBrain lobes and major functionsWhy is the frontal cortex so important and how and when is it fully developed?experience-expectant v. experience-dependent functions - What is the difference? Senses (hearing, vision, taste, smell, touch) sensation v. perception – what is the difference?what do babies like to look at? What did the Secret Life of the Brain video tell us about brain development, how do neurons know where to go?reflexes – what are they, what are the 3 main categories of reflexes we covered in class, what is their function, see book and notes for examples of reflexes, what happens to most infantile reflexes?Teratogens – what are they, some examples, critical periods, thresholds? Fetal Alcohol syndrome – what it is, what are the characteristics of it? What did the study on rodents tell us about how alcohol impacts development?PKU – what is it, what causes it, what are the characteristics Fragile X – what is it, what causes it, what are the characteristics Autism – what is it, what are the characteristics of it, how is it related to Fragile X, who is Temple Grandin and what did she tell us about Autism in her TED talk? What did we learn about the link between vaccines and autism; specifically PSY 223 1st Editionwhat were the major problems with the original study that found the link? Downs syndrome – what is it, what causes it, what are the characteristics?Social developmentEmotions – what new emotions show up during the first 2 years and in what basic orderSelf-awareness – what is it, when does it emerge, what is the mirror testTemperament – what is it? what theoretical background fits? what are the 4 categories and how do they differ? What is temperament a precursor of? Attachment patterns – what are the patterns, what do they look like in the strange situation, what seems to determine the type of attachment a child has? Why does this matter?synchrony – what is it? Why is it important?Erikson: Trust v.Mistrust : what is ideally supposed to happen when resolving this crisis? What are the central processes, pathology and adaptive qualities for each crisis? How does this relate to temperament and attachment?Motor development – what is normal, does everyone develop at the same age or rate? When can the majority of children stand or crawl or walk?Gross v. fine motor skillswhat 3 things allow gross motor skills to develop? visual cliff – what is it, what does it measure, what does the video say about what determines if a baby is more or less willing to cross the cliff?Language developmentdifference between phonemes, morphemes, semantics and syntaxwhat happens in the first 2 years? What is the sequence of development? What are the language milestones?overextensions, underextensions, telegraphic speech – what are they?Theories of language development – behaviorism v. epigenetic v. interactionist – what is the difference between these theories.Piaget – who is he and what was he really interested in?Piaget’s sensorimotor stages – what is different about each stage? What are the main features of each stage and when do they occur? How is a baby learning during this stage?object permanence – what is it and when does it develop according to PiagetA not B error –what is it and what has recent research shown regarding babies, dogs, and wolves and this error What did we learn about Baillergeon and the impossible and possible situations? When does she say object permanenceemerges?How did Rovee-Collier study infant memory and what did she find?Deferred imitation – what is it? assimilation and accommodation – what are they? Brain Development:Myelination – what is it, what does it allow? Corpus Callosum – what is it, what is happening, what does the development of it allow?Prefrontal Cortex - with maturation, what improves?Limbic System – what is it, what are the major parts and their functions?Gross v. fine motor skills continued development– examples of eachErikson: Autonomy v. Shame: what is ideally supposed to happen when resolving this crisis? What are the central processes, pathology and adaptive qualities for each