ATMS FINAL GUIDEFrom previous- Satellites- view clouds from spaceRadar- view precipitation from the ground- From where it is coming from- Low Pressure-force per unit and always decreases with height - low-counterclockwise and inward high- clockwise/outward- latent heat- energy released or absorbed during a phase change- Advection-transfer of heat (or moisture) through horizontal movement of air example is when the sun heats the ground and then warms the air around it- Saturation occurs when evaporation and condensation rates are equal- Relative humidity- ratio of water vapor in air (VP) to that required for saturation (SVP)- RH does not indicate actual amount of water vapor in air-increase by adding moisture to the air (increase VP) or by cooling the air (decrease SVP)- decrease by removing moisture from the air or warming the air- Dew point temperature- the temperature at which saturation occurs, a higherdewpoint always means there’s more moisture in the air, dew point is always less than or equal to temp- as air rises it expands and cools amount of water vapor in air does not changeas air rises as temperature decreases, relative humidity increases, air eventually rises high enough (cools enough) to become saturate, when air saturate clouds form- REVIEW STATION MODEL- Constant pressure surface- uniform surface pressure and temperature- this means that constant pressure surfaces parallel to constant height surfaces- High heights show warm air below that pressure level (warm air is less densethat cold and expands as you heat) low heights show that there is cold air below that pressure level (see pic 2)- Trough- valley low heights and ridge is high heights and pressures (don’t just look at shape of lines)- PGF- air molecules want to flow from where these is greater pressure to where there is less pressure (pic 3)o Increasing the PGF gives you greater acceleration and faster flow o PG= change in pressure/distanceo Tightly packed isobars- strong PG widely space is weakPGF cause wind to blow the stronger PGF yields stronger wind- Cyclones- low pressure systems- NH flow counter clockwise SH flow clockwiseAnticyclones: High-pressure systems NH flow clockwise SH flow counter clockwise- Surface winds cross isobars at an angle- wind does not flow parallel to isobars like upper level winds- Convergence- when you add molecules to increase the surface pressure at thecenter of lowsDivergence- when you lose molecules to decrease the surface pressure at the center of highs - Surface lows- divergence aloft causes surface pressure to fall, air converges into low pressure systems at surface, surface winds flow counter clockwise and inward in NH, air converges, rises, cools, and water vapor condenses, forming clouds and precip (see pic 8)Surface highs- convergence aloft causes surface pressures to rise, air divergesfrom high pressure systems at the surface, surface winds flow clockwise and outward in NH, air sinks, warms, and dries inhibiting cloud formation (see pic8)- IDK- Jet stream- a river of fast moving air in the upper atmosphere, exists near tropopause level, flow is geostrophic (parallel to height contours), flow is not the same speed everywhere along axis- An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and moisture concentrations in the horizontal and are classified by moisture and temperature (two letter classification MT ect.)- Fronts are boundaries between air masses of different densities- Cold front- blue triangles warm front- red semi-circles occluded- combo - Dry lines- Separate mT air (warm/moist from gulf of Mexico to east) from cT air (hot/dry from deserts to west), during spring can trigger strong to severe thunderstorms, typically found in KS, OK, or TX- Mid-latitude cyclone- also called extratropcial cyclones, an area of surface low pressure, require upper-level lows/trough (at 300-500 mb level) to form,last several days to a week +, possible weather is thunderstorms, tornadoes, blizzards/ice storms, snow/rain, warm/cold fronts- Cold air is found west of the mid latitude cyclone and warm air is found east of it- Brings cold air southward and warm air northward, showers and thunderstorms may come along cold front, light to moderate precipitation to north of warm frontLecture 17- Gulfstream- The Gulf Stream is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlinesof the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.- Thermocline- Rapid temperature decrease with depth a few hundred meters below surface- Warmest water typically found at ocean surface, deep oceans water only a few degrees above freezing (pic 1) - Upwelling- vertical transport of deep ocean waters upward, results in cooler surface water temperatures- ENSO- El Niño southern oscillation, atmosphere oscillation over south pacific ocean, encompasses both El Nino and La Nina- El Niño- warmer than average water in the pacific ocean off south America- La Nina- cooler than average water in the pacific ocean off south America - Eastern- water temperature may be 6 degree Celsius warmer than normal, warm water is nutrient poor (no upwelling) dead fish/dead birds, wet weather- Western- dry weather in pacific (MORE TO IT)Lecture 18- Typhoon (tropical cyclone)- a low pressure system that develops over the tropical oceans of the world, most destructive storms on the planetHurricane- determined by tracks of large-scale mid/upper tropospheric flow patternDifferences- where they form (see pic 2)- See picture three - Names- list used every 6 years and alternate male and female names alphabetically, a storm is only named once it reaches tropical strength, and if a tropical cyclone causes a lot of damage or loss its name is retired- Most likely from august to late October because a hurricane needs warm sea surface temperature - A sea-surface temp higher than 26.5 C, deep layer of warm water in upper ocean, cluster of thunderstorms, moist air in the mid-troposphere, latitude pole ward of 5 degrees Necessary- warm water temps add moisture and heat to lower troposphere, which aids in thunderstorm development, the layer of warm water then must be deep b/c hurricanes stir up ocean as it moves- ITCZ- belt of thunderstorms found near equator - Tropical wave- an elongated area of relatively low air pressure, oriented north to south, which moves from east to west across the tropics causing areas of cloudiness and thunderstorm- Vertical