Study Guide Exam 1 ATMS 100 Lecture 1- 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1 % argon, .038% carbon dioxide, .002% other- Weather- atmospheric conditions at a particular time and place such as temperature, pressure, cloud coverage ectClimate- the average weather over a long period of time (10+ years)Climate is what you expect and weather is what you get- Satellites- view clouds from spaceRadar- view precipitation from the ground- Doppler radar- can sense motion of precipitation particles toward/away fromradar- Wind direction is defined by the direction from which the wind is blowing- a north wind blows from north to south- Low pressure- counter clockwise and inward usually precipitationHigh pressure- clock wise and outward usually clearer weather Lecture 2- Pressure- the force per unit area and pressure always decreases with height- 1013.25 mb at sea level- Density- the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it its usually expressed by mass/ volume ( kg/m3)- density always decreases with height - There is pressure differences due to weather and elevation so meteorologists must correct pressure to sea level to remove this variability in order to get a clear picture of the weather- Lapse rate- rate at which temperature decreases with height ( see picture in slides for help- Inversion- layer in which the temperature increases with height ( not supposed to do this technically)- lowest layer of the atmosphere (8-12 km)- contains all of the earths weather, temperature usually decreases with height- Atmosphere is divided into layers according to its vertical profile of temperature, its gaseous composition, or its electrical propertiesStratosphere- temperature increases with height (inversion layer), ozone layer ( ozone absorbs UV radiation warming the stratosphere, if you look up from here you see black space not blue sky, largely void of clouds and weatherMesosphere- temperature decreases with height, lack of ozone, air very thin, coldest temperatures in atmosphere at mesospauseThermosphere- temperature increases with height, oxygen absorbs gamma and cosmic rays, air very thin, aurora borealis here b/c high energy particles from space strike air moleculesLecture 3- Temperature- a measure of the average speed of the molecules of a substance- Warm air is less dense and prone to rise- cold air is more dense and prone to sink- Sensible heat- heat that can be sensed or measure with a thermometer- Latent heat- the energy absorbed or released during a phase change (hidden energy)- Phases- ice (solid), water (liquid), water vapor (gas)Cooling- melting, evaporation, sublimationWarming- deposition, freezing, condensationCooling processes happen because you absorb latent heat for environment example= evaporation- this is why you feel cold after getting out of the poolWarming- processes release latent heat into the environmentDuring freezing water is getting colder and releases its warm latent heat to do so- Conduction- direct transfer of heat within a substance (heat always flows from hot to cold)Convection- transfer of heat through fluid flow- fluid flow is air or water currents- generally refers to vertical motions only- example is how sun warms ground and then the hot air rises leaving cold air behindAdvection- transfer of heat ( or moisture) through horizontal movement of air- examples are sea or lake breeze- The sun heats the lower atmosphere because the sun heats the surface, the layer of air about 1 cm or so above the ground is then heated, the hot air expands becomes less dense and rises, ( see diagram #1), the troposphere is now heated from the bottom up- As hot air rises the pressure around it decrease so it expands, it requires energy for a parcel to expand, the temperature of the parcel cools as it expands- summary hot less dense air rises, expands, and cools (see diagram 2)Lecture 4- All objects emit radiation at all times- Objects with higher temperature emit shorter wavelengths (more energetic electromagnetic waves- Radiation intensity increase with temperature idk amount- The sun emits shortwave radiation and the earth emits long wave radiation more to it- Don’t know this stuff- Certain gases absorb radiation-radiation is converted to heat/ these gases heat up- these gases emit more IR radiation both upward and to the surface- examples are CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, chlorinated fluorocarbons- Actual greenhouses trap hot air and prevent the warm air from rising, it has nothing to do with IR radiation, and IR radiation can go both upward and downward- Albedo- measure of reflectivity, equal to reflected radiation divided by total incoming radiation, examples snow is 75-90% water 10% moon 7%- Sky- air molecules scatter blue light four times more than red, if we look away form the sun we see 4x as much blue light than red, our eyes detec this mix of colors as blue, water appears blue because it reflects the sky, water does not appear blue on a cloudy dayClouds- clouds reflect all colors of light equally well, our eyes detect this mixture of colors as whiteRed- the atmosphere scatters more blue light then red, at sunset light takes a long path through the atmosphere, blue and green light scatter away and all that’s left is red ( see diagram 3)Lecture 5- Because earth orbits the sun while tilted on its axis and axial tilt changes intensity and length of sunlight everywhere on earth, if no tilt the sun would always be overhead at the equator so no season- NOT SURE- Greater seasonal temperature change in interiors of continents less over oceans, greater seasonal temperature changes on east coast of continents lesson west coast- It takes much more energy to heat water than to heat air or land- Wind moves from the west to the east so the west stays pretty constant while as the farther you move east it stays more consistent. Also its closer to a largebody of water which stays more consistent temperature wise. - There’s colder temperatures at higher elevations- Daily highs occur between 3-5 pm and lows occur right before sunrise- Calm nights maximize nocturnal cooling because other wise the wind can stirup the cold and higher up warmer air- Clouds result in cooler temperatures during the day and warmer temperatures at nightLecture 6- Water Vapor- Saturation occurs when evaporation and condensation rates are equal- Vapor pressure- the pressure exerted by the water vapor on the air- Saturation Vapor pressure- vapor pressure required to saturate the air.