Grade Buddy BIOEE 1610BIOEE 1610 Prelim I Study guide1-29 (environmental conditions)Environmental conditions are the physical and chemical aspects (generally not consumed). These include temperature and salinity, among others. Temperature: The response curve for temperature tends to be bell-shaped, and in general (within the biome we know on earth), higher temperature tends to mean high biodiversity. One exception is the surface waters of the ocean. Organisms have developed certain adaptations to help deal with extreme temperatures (thick fur, evapotranspiration, dropping leaves, hibernation). Climate change threatens to disrupt the current distribution of life on earth.Salinity: The response curve for salinity tends to look like a bell, but with a flattened top and the right side is far less steep than the left. Fish have adaptation to help keep a healthy salinity (freshwater wish excrete excess water, and saltwater fish excrete excess salt). Most invertebrates have a similar salt content to the water around them.2-3 (energy and photosynthesis)Organisms are highly organized and must use energy to overcome the 2nd law of thermodynamics (entropy). Autotrophs produce their own energy and heterotrophs consume other organisms.Photosynthesis: CO2+H20+light organic matter+02 (although there are other versions). Cyanobacteria are very important photosynthetic bacteria because they led to photosynthesis in eukaryotes. Light reaction: 2H20+2NADP+2ADP+2P 2NAPDH +2ATP+O2. Dark reaction: CO2+RuBP 2x(C-3 sugar). The dark reaction uses Rubisco, which makes up 25% of all protein and nitrogen in leaves.Light: Photosynthesis increases with increased light (to a point). Phytoplankton take up CO2 across their membrane, so when nutrients are low, small cells are favored. Water is far more scarce for land plants, so there is a fundamental tradeoff between taking in CO2 and losing water. C-4 photosynthesis can help in dry regions. Only 3% of plants are C-4, but they do about 30% of total photosynthesis. CAM plants open their stomata at night and store carbon in acid to do photosynthesis during the day.Carbon dioxide: There is an overall global increase, but it doesn’t increase photosynthesis significantly.Animal resources: If an animal easts another animal, they will get more carbon than nitrogen. If they eat a plant, they will get more nitrogen than carbon.2-5 (Climate)Grade Buddy BIOEE 1610Climate change: Global warming is 20x faster than it has ever been. Our earth follows a “threshold model”… once we push the climate’s limit past a certain point, it will be unable to correct itself and we will experience a global climate shift.Hadley cell (equator-30 degrees)Ferrell cell(driven by polar and Hadley cells)Polar cell(60-90 degrees)Adiabatic cooling (as air expands, it loses moisture)Coriolis effect (causes prevailing winds)The great conveyor belt helps remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which is good, but it’s being slowed down because the freshwater ice caps are melting, lowering the oceans salinity, and decreasing the “pump” action in the north Atlantic.Local climate is affected by topography, seasonal variation, annual variation, deforestation, jet stream (becoming “wavier”)2-10 (terrestrial biomes)Terrestrial biomes are large areas of land defined by precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. Robert Whittaker, a Cornell grad, came up with a conceptual map of biomesKey: Temperature Precipitation Productivity Additional info in vocab sectionTundra Boreal forest Temperate forest Temperate grassland Mediterranean Desert Savanna/tropical seasonal forest Tropical rainforestElevation matters! The same area can look very different if you just go up a km.2-12 (ocean biomes)Grade Buddy BIOEE 1610The deep ocean makes up 97% of all water on earth. On average, the ocean is 4.3 km deep, but can be up to 11 km. Even though light cannot penetrate farther than about 200m and the water remains around4-5 degrees Celsius, the deep ocean still has extremely high diversity. Energy has to come from sinking material or chemoautotrophy. Subtropical gyres have very little water movement because they are enclosed by currents. They are diverse but have a productivity about equal to an extremely arid desert (this is because there are few nutrients). This biome favors small phytoplankton and long food chains.Upwelling systems are high in nutrients which means large phytoplankton, short food chains, high productivity, and low diversity.Continental shelves have a high rate of photosynthesis and low light penetration, high productivity, and low diversity.High and low latitude waters are more productive than gyres because of decrease stratification.Photosynthesis on land is roughly equal to photosynthesis in the ocean, but the land has a whole lot more biomass.VOCABConditions: The physical and chemical aspects of the environment (typically not consumed)Autotrophs: Organisms that create their own energy, usually through photosynthesisHeterotrophs: Organisms that get energy by consuming other organismsCyanobacteria: “Blue-green algae,” photosynthetic bacteria, became chloroplasts when engulfed by eukaryotesChloroplast: An organelle that undergoes photosynthesis in eukaryotesRublisco: In charge of the dark reaction, makes up 25% of total nitrogen and protein in leavesC-4 photosynthesis: A version of photosynthesis typically found in drier regions that uses an enzyme other than Rubisco initially, and then moves the products to a cell without a light cycleCAM: stomata open at night to store carbon in acids, closed during the day to do photosynthesisDifferential heating: Caused by the tilt of earth’s axis, explains the extreme cold at the poles and heat at the equatorHadley cell: air circulation between the equator and 30 degrees north and southFerrell cell: caused by an interaction between Hadley and Polar cellsPolar cell: air circulation between 60 and 90 degrees north and southAdiabatic cooling: As air expands, it cools and cannot hold as much moistureCoriolis effect: Caused by the spinning of the earth and the difference in circumference at the equator versus closer to the poles, leads to prevailing windsGreat conveyor belt: a global circulation of ocean water driven by the difference of temperature and salinity of water in the northern AtlanticRain shadow: More precipitation ocean-side of mountains, less on land-sideGrade Buddy BIOEE 1610Albedo: The