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UI PSY 2301 - Exam 1 guide

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Lecture II: Research Methods 1/26Lecture III: What is Clinical Psychology 1/28/15Discussion I: Research 1/28/15Lecture IV: What is Clinical Psychology (cont.) and History/Development 2/2/15Lecture V: History/Development cont. and Classification & Diagnosis 2/4/15Discussion II: Suicide Risk Assessment 2/4/15Lecture VI: Classifications & Diagnosis and Mood Disorders 2/9/15Lecture VII: Mood Disorders cont. 2/11/15Discussion III: Internalizing vs Externalizing 2.11.15Psy 2301 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study GuideLecture II: Research Methods 1/26I. IntroductionA. Why do research?1. To avoid speculation2. To determine whether a particular technique is effective3. To extend and modify our theoriesB. Applied Research vs. Basic Research1. Applied Research has clear, practical applications2. Basic Research explores questions that you may be curious about, but not intended to be immediately usedII. Types of MethodsA. Correlational Method1. Examines relationships between variables2. Frequently used during initial evaluation of variables 3. Typesa. Positive correlationi. The variable go in the same direction(both variables increase OR decrease together)b. Negativei. The variables go in opposite directions (as one variable increases the other variable decreases)4. The Correlation Coefficient ( r ) a. A number that measures the strength of a relationshipb. Range is from -1.0 to +1.0c. The relationship gets stronger the closer you get the +/-1.0 and weaker the closer you get to zeroThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.5. Casual inferences cannot be made based on correlations (correlation =/= causation)a. Could be due to a third, unmeasured, unknown (confounding) variableb. How do researcher figure out what causes particular outcomesB. Experimental Design1. Experimental – a researcher manipulates one variable and measures the effect of the manipulation on another2. Hypotheses – testable prediction of what will happen under certain circumstances3. Independent variable (IV) – is manipulated4. Dependent variable (DV) is measured5. Cause and effect relationships6. Systematically manipulate a variable7. Random assignmenta. Control groupb. Experimental/treatment group(s)8. Hold conditions constantC. Natural/Quasi- Experiment1. Naturally occurring events2. Watch participants in their natural environment3. No manipulation of variables/environment4. No random assignment5. Cannot truly show cause and effectD. Case Study1. A detailed portrait of a single individual; can also describe a small group of people2. Strengtha. In-depth examination of person and/or treatmentb. Can provide hypotheses, bridge gap between research and practice3. Limitationsa. Weak reliability and validity b. Weak generalizabilityc. Observer biasE. Survey/Self-Report Methodologies1. Most common type of study in psychology2. Can be done by (questionnaires) vs. in person (interviews)3. Questionnairesa. Cheap and fastb. Need a good random samplec. Low response rate4. Interviewsa. Unstructured or structured5. Limitationsa. Interpretation of questionsb. Use with children6. Strengths a. Efficient (large amounts of data, short amount of time)b. Confidentiality improves accuracyIII. Designs for Studying DevelopmentA. Cross-sectionala. Data collected at one point in time b. Strengthsi. Efficient (time & money), no practice effects or attrition- Practice effect – take a test over and over, one gets better- Attrition – dropping outc. Limitationi. Information on individual change is not availableii. Confounding age and cohort effectsB. Longitudinal 1. Same participants studied over time2. Strengthsa. Can assess stabilityb. Can identify trendsc. Can help understand individual differences3. Limitationsa. Costly and time-consumingb. Attritioni. Dropping outc. Practice effectsi. Getting better after repetitionIV. Interpreting resultsA. Statistical vs. Practical Significance1. Statistical significance – the observed group differences are not likely due to sampling errora. Can get statistical significance, even with very small group differences, if the sample size is large enough2. Practical significance – looks at whether the difference is large enough to be of value in a practical sensea. Is it an effect worth being concerned about – does it have any noticeable or worthwhile effects?V. Selecting Measurement StrategiesA. Reliability1. Consistency of the measuring tool2. Types of Reliabilitya. Interrateri. Degree of agreement between independent ratersb. Test-retesti. Re-administer test after time intervalii. Consistency of scores over timec. Internal consistencyi. Relatedness of itemsii. Coefficient alpha (or Cronbach’s alpha)B. Validity 1. Assessment measures what it is supposed to measure2. Content Validitya. Relevancei. Content is relevant to domainb. Comprehensivenessi. Covers all important aspects of domainc. Representativenessi. Items sample a domain wellLecture III: What is Clinical Psychology 1/28/15I. What is Clinical Psychology?A. The goal of psychology as a field is to “study and understand” behaviorB. Clinical Psychology is the largest sub-discipline of psychology1. The study of the mental processes2. Study of mental illnesses/disordersII. Unifying DefinitionClinical Psychology (CP) involves the assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioral problems and disorders. CP uses the principles of psychology to better understand, predict, and alleviate intellectual, emotional, psychological, and behavioral disability and discomfort (AmericanPsychological 1. Association, 1981)a. Disorders = internalizationb. Behavior = externalizationIII. CP emphasizes the integration of…A. Science and Research: 2 assumptions1. Determinisma. All events have causes that can be discoveredb. Causes are not random, but follow set of discoverable rules2. Empiricisma. Events must be measurable and observable to studyb. Caveat, we also depend on hypothetical constructs that are difficult to directly observe (e.g., anxiety, self-efficacy)B. Maladjustment 1. “abnormal behavior and emotional suffering”C. The Individual 1. General principles (nomothetic) are applied to the individual (idiographic)2. Unique perceptions, experiences, environments, biology, etc. D. Helping 1. Behavior is not only studied and understood, but clinical psychologists help those with psychological distressIV. 1_More PSYD More


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