Lecture II: Dating 1/23/15Lecture III: Age of the Universe? 1/26/15Lecture IV: Connection 1/28/15Lecture V: Earth 1/30/15Lecture VI: Taxonomy 2/2/15Lecture VII: Evolution 2/4/15Lecture VIII: Oldest Known Evidence of Life 2/6/15Lecture IX: Start of Life: 2/9/15Lecture X: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes 2/11/15Lecture XI: Greenhouse Effect 2/13/15Ees 1040 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study GuideLecture II: Dating 1/23/15I. Principle of Original HorizontalityA. If strata are found to be dipping, then tilting must have taken place some timeII. Principle of SuperpositionA. In an undisturbed sequence of strata, the oldest bed are at the bottom and higher beds are progressively youngerIII. Geologic Time Scale++++++++++++Very important – basic vocabularyA. Leave a full page in your notes – we’ll start from the bottomB. Ba = Billion years agoC. Ma = Millions years agoPhanerozoic EonCenozoic EraQuaternary Present Mammals rise to dominanceNeogenePhanerozoic EonCenozoic EraPaleogene65 MAMammals rise to dominancePhanerozoic EonMesozoic EraCretaceous 65 MA End-Cretaceous MASS EXTINCTIONDinosaurs dominate on These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.landJurassic Dinosaurs dominate on landFirst DinosaursPhanerozoic EonMesozoic EraTriassic251 MALate Triassic MASS EXTINCITONPhanerozoic EonPaleozoic EraPermian 251 MA HUGE END-PERMIAN MASS EXTINCITONCarboniferous Flourishing life on land; Majorforests developFirst Vertebrates onlandDevonian Late Devonian MASS EXTINTIONSilurian Plants well established on land; first land animalsOrdovician End-Ordovician MASS EXTINCTION“Ordovician radiation” oflifePhanerozoic EonPaleozoic EraCambrian542 MA“Cambrian explosion” of lifeBeginning of main fossil record*Precambrian 542 MA4.6 BA1. Phanerozoic Eoni. 542 MA-Presentii. “Visible life”iii. Fossil record kicks iniv. Half a billion years2. Paleozoic Eraa. “old life”3. Mesozoic Era 251Ma-65 Maa. “middle life”4. Cenozoic Eraa. “new life”5. Precambriana. About 80% of all earth historyb. Hardly any fossilsLecture III: Age of the Universe? 1/26/15I. 1842 Christian Johann DopplerA. Doppler Effect1. The wavelength of any propagating energy will shift, if the observer is changing position withrespect to the sourcea. Towards you – wavelengths are shorterb. Away from you – wavelengths are longer2. Doppler effect applies to light as wella. Visible spectrumb. Blue – shorterc. Red – longerd. Break light out of celestial objectse. Has the light experienced any shiftsf. Are far off objects moving closer or farther?i. Closer – blueii. Farther – red3. Red shifta. Everything we can see is moving away from us really quicklyb. The universe is expandingc. Can reconstruct the vectors d. Can predict the future where things are moving towardse. Can rewind the vectors withdrawi. Everything started same placeii. 13.8 BA- Big Bang TheoryII. Origin of solar systemA. A supernova of a dying startB. Archbishop James Ussher 16501. Literal interpretation of The book of Genesis2. Added up all the descendants of Adam in Book of Genesis3. Figured 4004 BC - ~6,000 years from the bibleC. John Joly 18991. Thought primordial ocean is freshwatera. Salination through time from minerals from the riversb. How long an ocean took to get to presently salty state2. ~99 MAD. Lord Kelvin – laws of thermodynamics - 18971. Original Earth was molten2. Idea form coal mines3. 1897 – 20-40 MAE. Radioactivity1. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen2. 1895 – Antoine-Henri Becquerel3. Uraniuma. Decay – shed subatomic particlesElement A (radioactive)  Heat + Subatomic particles b. (radiation)  Element B (more stable)“Half-life” amount of time for ½ of the original substance to i. decay into different substance4. Rock that are undisturbed by anything (chemically)Mass spectrometer – tells how much of the original material and a. decayed amountMeasure amount of Ur 235 / Measure amount of Pb 207 i. (divide)Relative proportion and half-life  how long radiative ii. decay taking place- Therefore how old the rock isb. “radiometric dating”c. Oldest rocks on Earth so fari. 3.825 BAIII. Extraterrestrial EvidenceA. Meteorites B. Lunar Rocks1. 4.6 BALecture IV: Connection 1/28/15I. Alfred Wegener 1915A. Argued present day continents were once joined together in a supercontinent1. Pangaea AntarcticaSouth AfricaSouth AmericaIndiaJurassicBasaltBasaltBasaltBasaltTriassicSand DunesSand DunesCoal w/ Glossopteris (land plant)Coal w/ GlossopterisGlossopterisCoal w/ GlossopterisPermianShaleShale w/ Mesosaurus (Freshwater reptile)Shale w/ MesosaurusCarboniferousGlacial “rocks”Glacial “rocks”Glacial “rocks”Glacial “rocks”B. Same history of rocks, sediment, and life on four widely separate continentsC. Model Proof1. Flow of ancient glaciersa. Current position of continents do not fit with the flow of glaciers as they moved in land rather than out to coast2. Pattern of mountain systems on the four continents3. Geographic north pole axisa. Magnetic north pole Compassi. Magnetic pole flips from “north” to “south”ii. Blue = earthiii. Red = iron coreYellow = magnetic – dip: shallow, near equator, steeper near iv. polesv. Black = geographic polevi. Green = magnetic poleb. “Polar wonder”Lecture V: Earth 1/30/15I. Earth  density stratifiedA. Heavy, dense material to bottom (core)B. Light materials to outside (crust)II. Seismic wavesA. How we image Earth’s interior 1. Inner core (solid)2. Outer core (liquid)3. Mantle (Solid (sort of))4. Upper Mantle5. Crust (solid)6. Lines of magnetic ForceB. Figure 1-131. Continental crust2. Oceanic crusta. Mantleb. Lithospherec. Rigid3. Oceanic Crusta. “thin” (5 miles thick/8Km)b. Mafic4. Continental Crusta. “thick” (up to 30-40 miles)b. Felsici. Less dense/lighter than mafic oceanic crustIII. Harry Hess Princeton University GeologistA. Pointed SONAR down towards to bottom of the oceanB. 1962 C. Mid-oceanic ridgesIV. Mid-Oceanic RidgesA. Epicenters are earthquake are distributed along ridgesB. Volcanos are also distributed along ridgesC. BUT ~1 mile thick of sediment1. ~260 MAD. ~10,000 known ocean volcanoes1. NOT ENOUGHE. Mid-Oceanic Ridges1. Hotter than surrounding crust2. Seismic waves slow down (material density)3. Deep furrow runs along crest of ridges4. Lots of volcanos on mid-oceanic ridgesF. Deep Oceanic Trenches1. Weaker gravitational field RidgeMid-Oceanic