Zoology 100 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (January 29)Evolution What do the greek words “Zoon” and “Logos” mean? The study of animals.Zoology is the biological study of animals including what? Diversity, evolution, form, function- physiology and organ systems, and interaction- with other animals and the environment.What is the “Scientific Method” also referred to as? The Hypothetico-deductive method.What are the two components of the “Scientific Method”? Hypothesis- a possible explanation of observations must be testable and falsifiable, and Theory- a general principle or explanation of observed facts supported by a substantial amount of evidence. What are the steps to answering a question using the “Scientific Method”? Step 1- A question arises based on observations of natural phenomena, Step 2- Generate a hypothesis which is a potential answer to the question, Step 3- Collect data or conduct an experiment to test your hypothesis, Step 4: Based on data, support or falsify your hypothesis, and Step 5: If enough evidence supports the hypothesis, it may become a theory. What is the Geocentric theory? The sun revolves around the earth.What is the Heliocentric theory? The earth revolves around the sun; the sun is the center of our solar system; proposed first by Copernicus and Galileo in the 1500’s.What are the three theories that told us the position of the Continents? #1- Continent location is fixed, #2- The theory of continental drift suggested that the continents moved, and #3- The theory of plate tectonics suggested how the continents moved.Who are the four scientists important to the theory of evolution? Lamarck, Lyell, Darwin, and Wallace.What is evolution? Organisms change over time.What were Lamarck’s ideas on evolution and were they correct? Use and disuse- useful structures grow larger, inheritance of acquired traits- individuals acquire modifications that are passed onto their offspring, these were the first scientific explanations for evolution but the mechanism was incorrect.Who was Lyell and what were his ideas on evolution? He was a geologist and he established uniformitarianism, his ideas were- the laws of physics and chemistry are constant over time and past geological events occurred by same natural process existing in the present, this stressed the slow pace of geologic change over time and based on evidence from fossils, estimated that the earth was millions of years old.How did Darwin come to his ideas on evolution? He observed and studied animals, fossils, and habitats on continents and islands around the world.What were Darwin’s observations from the Galapagos Islands Tortoises? He observed the variation in traits between islands and also the variation between islands and the South American mainland. What were Darwin’s hypotheses? Modification of traits was important to survival and reproduction, and development of new species from old species occurred by an accumulation of changes over time. What are the five components of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution? #1- Perpetual change, the livingworld is always changing; changes occur across generations, #2- Common descent, all forms oflife descend from a common ancestor; species that have more recent common ancestors will be more closely related, #3- Multiplication of species, evolution produces new species by changing old species, #4- Gradualism, large differences in anatomical traits characterize species; they result from accumulation of small changes over a long period of time, and #5- Natural selection, the process by which populations accumulate favorable traits (adaptations) that them to survive and reproduce in their environment.When and what did Darwin’s book “Origin of Species” propose? It was published in 1859 and proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolution. What are the five observations of natural selection? #1- Organisms have great potential fertility, all populations could potentially produce large numbers of offspring in each generation, #2- Natural populations do not increase exponentially in size, but remain fairly constant, unless they become extinct; no natural population shows the exponential growth that theoretically could occur due to their reproductive ability, #3- Natural resources are finite, If natural resources were unlimited, natural populations could go exponentially; thus there is a struggle for survival amongst offspring and only some offspring will survive to reproduce, #4- All individuals show variation in traits, no two individuals are exactly alike, they may vary in color, pattern, weight, behavior, etc., and #5- Variation in traits is heritable and can be passed on to offspring, Darwin did not understand how this occurred, but today we know it’s due to DNA as genes being passed from parents to offspring.What was the evidence for Darwin’s ideas in regards to perpetual change? Fossil record mineralized remains of past life buried in the earth’s crust and evidence of perpetual and gradual change in species and environment over geologic time.What was the evidence for Darwin’s ideas in regards to geologic time? The Law of Stratigraphy- lower layer of sedimentary rock are older than upper layers, it is a relative measure and did not give an accurate estimate of age, in the 1940’s radiometric dating was developed and determined absolute age of rock or fossil by measuring the decay of atoms (carbon and nitrogen) within the rock, it showed that macroscopic organisms appeared at the start of the Cambrian period 600 million years ago. Lecture 2 (February 3)Evolution ContinuedWhat do fossils show? Evolutionary trends in the changes in morphological traits.What can the existence of species in fossil record provide? Evidence for the evolutionary steps from one group of animals to another.What is Archyopteryx? A transitional form between dinosaurs and birds.What is Ichthyostega? A transitional form between fish and amphibians. What are the two major extinctions? Permian, loss of 90% marine invertebrate species and Cretaceous, the end of the dinosaurs.What are three major radiations (diversifications)? Cambrian; origin many invertebrate groups and earliest vertebrates, Triassic; first dinosaurs and mammals, and Tertiary; mammal diversification.What is Homology? Similar traits (even if they are functionally different) appear in different organisms, because they were acquired from a common ancestor.